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Advent
Special tasks carried out during Advent are the baking of the Christmas piernik (gingerbread), and the making of Christmas decorations. Pierniki are made in a variety of shapes, including hearts, animals and St. Nicholas figures. Traditional decorations include the pajaki, which are handmade stars and decorated eggshells.
Christmas Trees are decorated and lit the day of Christmas Eve and others are placed in most public areas, outside churches and in homes. Traditionally the trees are decorated with shiny apples, walnuts, wrapped chocolate shapes, hand blown glass baubles, and many homemade ornaments and candles. On the top of the tree is a star or a glittering top piece. In many homes, sparklers are hung on the branches of the trees for ambiance. Sometimes the trees are left standing until February 2, the feast day of St. Mary of the Candle of Lightning. moses basket baby
During Advent the "Gwiazdory," or star carriers, wander through the towns and villages and this continues until Epiphany. Some of the Gwiazdory sing carols; others recite verses or put on "Szopki" (puppet shows), or "herody" (nativity scenes). The last two customs are developments from traditional manger scenes or "Jaselka" (crib). One tradition unique to Poland is the sharing of the "opatek", a thin wafer into which is pressed a holy picture. People once carried these opatki from house to house wishing their neighbors a Merry Christmas. Nowadays, the bread is mostly shared with members of the family and immediate neighbors. As each person shares pieces of the wafer with another person, they are supposed to forgive any hurts that have occurred over the past year and to wish the other person all the happiness in the coming year. wicker hamper
Christmas eve picnic hamper
Christmas Eve supper - dishes
In Poland, Christmas Eve is a day first of fasting, then of feasting. The feast begins with the appearance of the first star; there is no meat in the feast, and it is followed by the exchange of gifts. The following day is often spent visiting friends. In Polish tradition, people combine religion and family closeness at Christmas time. Although gift giving plays a major role in the rituals, emphasis is placed more on making special foods and decorations.
On Christmas Eve, so important is the first star of the night that it has been given the affectionate name of "little star" or Gwiazdka, in remembrance of the Star of Bethlehem. On that night, all watch the sky anxiously, hoping to be the first to cry out, "The star!" The moment the star appears, people start eating. According to tradition, bits of hay are spread beneath the tablecloth as a reminder that Christ was born in a manger. An even number of people must be seated around the table or, tradition states, someone may die in the coming year. Wigilia is a family feast. In some places an empty place setting is symbolically left at the table for the Baby Jesus or for a wanderer who may be in need, or if a deceased relative should come and would like to share in the meal. The meal begins with the breaking of the opatek. Everyone at the table breaks off a piece and eats it as a symbol of their unity with Christ. They then share a piece with each family member giving good wishes for the following year. There should be twelve dishes, as a symbol of the Twelve Apostles, or an odd number of dishes for good luck (usually five, seven, or nine). Poppy seed cake, beet soup, prune dumplings, carp, herring and noodles with poppy seed are universal Polish Christmas foods. Traditionally, there is no meat eaten on Christmas Eve. Often there is compote of dry fruits. The remainder of the evening is given to stories and songs around the Christmas tree. In some areas of the country, children are taught that "The Little Star" brings the gifts. As presents are wrapped, carolers may walk from house to house, receiving treats along the way.
See also
Bg si rodzi
Krakw szopka
Wigilia the Christmas Eve vigil supper
Christmas worldwide
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Christmas in Poland
Christmas in Poland - Polish Tradition
Polish Christmas.
How to celebrate Christmas in Poland
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Thursday, April 22, 2010
Christmas in Poland
Hair straightening
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www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1503145/Scientists-hold-out-prospect-of-a-pill-to-make-your-hair-curl.html. Retrieved 2009-01-08. coffee maker single serve
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Stripboard
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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008) wwe belts
A piece of unused stripboard cooker hood filters
For film preproduction, see Production board. washing machine spares
Stripboard (usually known by the trademark name Veroboard of the British Vero Electronics company, who invented it) is a widely-used type of electronics prototyping board characterized by a 0.1 inch (2.54 mm) regular (rectangular) grid of holes, with wide parallel strips of copper cladding running in one direction all the way across one side of the board. In using the board, breaks are made in the tracks, usually around holes, to divide the strips into multiple electrical nodes. With care, it is possible to break between holes to allow for components that have two pin rows only one position apart such as twin row headers for IDCs.
Stripboard is available from many different vendors. Their products have in common that they are made using printed circuit board techniques generally with synthetic-resin-bonded paper (SRBP) as the base board type. The 0.1 inch (2.54 mm) spacing allows sockets for DIP ICs (or the ICs directly), some standard types of connector, and other devices with pins on a 0.1 inch spacing to be directly mounted without any gap between them and the board. The components are usually placed on the plain side of the board, with their leads protruding through the holes. The leads are then soldered to the copper tracks on the other side of the board to make the desired connections, and any excess wire is cut off. The continuous tracks may be easily and neatly cut as desired to form breaks between conductors using a 5 mm twist drill, a hand cutter made for the purpose, or a knife. Tracks may be linked up on either side of the board using either insulated or uninsulated lengths of wire (though, if using uninsulated wire on the back, care is needed to avoid short circuits). With practice, very neat and reliable assemblies can be created, though such a method is labour-intensive and therefore unsuitable for production assemblies except in very small quantity.
An example of a used stripboard
External wire connections to the board are made either by soldering the wires through the holes or, for wires too thick to pass through the holes, by soldering them to specially made pins called Veropins which fit tightly into the holes. Alternatively, some types of connectors have a suitable pin spacing to be inserted directly into the board.
Stripboards have evolved over time into several variants and related products. For example, a larger version using a 0.15 inch (3.81 mm) grid and larger holes is available, but is generally less popular (presumably because it doesn't match up with standard IC pin spacing). Stripboard is not designed for surface-mount components. For high density prototyping, especially of digital circuits, wire wrap is faster and more reliable than Stripboard for experienced personnel.
Veroboard is similar in concept and usage to breadboard, but is cheaper and more permanentonnections are soldered and while some limited reuse may be possible, more than a few cycles of soldering and desoldering are likely to render both the components and the board unusable. In contrast, breadboard connections are held by friction, and the breadboard can be reused many times. However, a breadboard is not very suitable for prototyping that needs to remain in a set configuration for an appreciable period of time nor for physical mock-ups containing a working circuit or for any environment subject to vibration or movement.
A related product is called perfboard (short for perforated board). This is like a Veroboard but without the copper strips and is also used for electrical prototyping, generally with techniques such as wire wrapping or a wiring pencil.
TriPad stripboard has strips of copper broken up into three-hole sections
Stripboards have further evolved into a larger class of prototype boards, available in different shapes and sizes, with different conductive trace layouts. For example, one variant is called a TriPad board. This is similar to stripboard, except that the conductive tracks do not run continuously along the board but are broken into sections, each of which spans three holes. This allows the legs of two or three components to be easily linked together in the circuit conveniently without the need for track breaks to be made. However, in order to link more than three holes together, wire links or bridges must be formed and this can result in a less compact layout than is possible with ordinary stripboard.
Other prototype board variants have generic layouts to simplify building prototypes with integrated circuits, typically in DIL shapes, or with transistors (pads forming triangles). In particular, some boards mimic the layout of breadboards, to simplify moving a non-permanent prototype on a breadboard to a permanent construction on a PCB. Some types of boards have layouts to easily add periphery connectors, like DB9 or IDCC headers. Some come in special physical shapes, to be used to prototype plug-in boards for computer bus systems.
References
^ Bilotta, Anthony J.: Connections in Electronic Assemblies. Marcel Dekker: 1985. ISBN 0824773195
See also
Point-to-point construction
Categories: Electronic design | Electronics work toolsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from May 2008 | All articles lacking sources
Saltwater Crocodile
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Anatomy and morphology
The saltwater crocodile has a longer muzzle than the mugger crocodile, and is twice the length of its breadth at the base. The saltwater crocodile has fewer armor plates on its neck than other crocodilians, and its broad body contrasts with that of most other lean crocodiles, leading to early unverified assumptions that the reptile was an alligator.
An adult male saltwater crocodile's weight is 600 to 1,000 kilograms (1,3002,200 lb) and length is normally 4.1 to 5.5 metres (1318 ft), though mature males can be 6 metres (20 ft) or more and weigh 1,300 kilograms (2,900 lb) or larger. This species has the greatest sexual dimorphism of any modern crocodilian, with females being much smaller than males. Typical female body lengths in the range of 2.1 to 3.5 metres (6.911 ft). The largest female on record measured about 4.2 metres (14 ft). The mean weight of the species as a whole is roughly 450 kilograms (990 lb). retarded burger king
The largest size saltwater crocodiles can reach is the subject of considerable controversy. The longest crocodile ever measured snout-to-tail and verified was the skin of a deceased crocodile, which was 20 feet (6.1 m) long. Given that skins tend to shrink slightly after removal from the carcass, this crocodile's living length was estimated at 20.7ft (6.3m), and it probably weighed well over 1,200 kilograms (2,600 lb). Incomplete remains (the skull of a crocodile shot in Orissa) have been claimed to come from a 7.6 metres (25 ft) crocodile, but scholarly examination suggested a length no greater than 7 metres (23 ft). There have been numerous claims of crocodiles in the 9 metres (30 ft) range: the individual shot in the Bay of Bengal in 1840, reported at 10 metres (33 ft); another killed in 1823 at Jala Jala on the main island of Luzon in the Philippines reported at 8.2 metres (27 ft); a reported 7.6 metres (25 ft) crocodile killed in the Hooghly River in the Alipore District of Calcutta. However, examinations of these animals' skulls actually indicated animals ranging from 6 to 6.6 metres (2022 ft). jerky seasoning
With recent restoration in saltwater crocodile habitat and reduced poaching, it is possible that 7 metres (23 ft) crocodiles are alive today. Guinness has accepted a claim of a 7 metres (23 ft) male saltwater crocodile living within Bhitarkanika Park in the state of Orissa, India, although, due to the difficulty of trapping and measuring a very large, live crocodile, the accuracy of these dimensions has yet to be verified. lays potato chips
A crocodile shot in Queensland in 1957 was reported to be 8.5 metres (28 ft) long, but no verified measurements were made and no remains of this crocodile exist. A "replica" of this crocodile has been made as a tourist attraction. Many other unconfirmed reports of 8+ metres (28+ ft) crocodiles have been made but these are highly suspect.
Distribution
Saltwater crocodile jumping up at Adelaide River
Head of a saltwater crocodile
The map presented here represents a much more historic distribution for this species, as they are currently extinct throughout much of this commonly accepted "range." This species has not been reported in the wild for decades in most of Indochina and is extinct in Thailand, Laos,Vietnam, and possibly Cambodia. The status of this species is critical within much of Myanmar, but there is a stable population consisting of many large adults present within the Irrawaddy delta. It is probable that the only country in Indochina still harboring wild populations of this species is Myanmar.
Although Saltwater Crocodiles were once very common in the Mekong Delta (from which they disappeared in the 1980s) and other river systems, the future of this species in Indochina is now looking grim. However, it is also the least likely of crocodilians to become globally extinct due to its wide distribution and almost pre-colonial population sizes in Northern Australia and New Guinea. In India this crocodile is extremely rare in most areas but a huge population (consisting of many large adults, including a 7 meter male) is present within the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary of Orissa and they are known to be present in smaller numbers throughout the Indian and Bangladesh portions of the Sundarbans. The population is sporadic in Indonesia and Malaysia with some areas harboring large populations (Borneo, for example) and others with very small, "at risk" populations (e.g., the Philippines). The status of this species is largely unknown with Sumatra and Java (although recent reports of attacks on humans by large crocodiles within isolated regions of Sumatra have been reported by news agencies and deemed reliable.) Despite the close proximity to the crocodile hot-bed of northern Australia, crocodiles no longer exist in Bali.
The saltwater crocodile is also present in very limited parts of the South Pacific, with an average population in the Solomon Islands, a very small, invasive and soon to be extinct population in Vanuatu (where the population officially stands at only three) and a decent but at-risk population (which may be rebounding) in Palau.
In northern Australia (which includes the top ends of the Northern Territory, Western Australia and Queensland) the Saltwater Crocodile is thriving, particularly in the multiple river systems near Darwin (such as the Adelaide, Mary and Daly Rivers, along with their adjacent billabongs and estuaries) where exceptionally large (6 metre +) individuals are not uncommon. A rough estimate states that the Australian Saltwater Crocodile population stands somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000 adults. Their range extends from Broome in Western Australia through the entire Northern Territory coast all the way down to Rockhampton in Queensland. In New Guinea they are also very common, existing within the coastal reaches of virtually every river system in the country, along with all estuaries and mangroves. They are also present in varying numbers throughout the Bismarck Archipelago, the Kai Islands, the Aru Islands, the Maluku Islands, and many other islands within the region including Timor, and most islands within the Torres Strait.
Saltwater crocodiles once ranged as far west as the east coast of Africa at the Seychelles Islands. These crocodiles were once believed to be a population of Nile crocodiles, but they were later proven to be Crocodylus porosus.
Due to this species' tendency to travel very long distances at sea, individual saltwater crocodiles occasionally show up in odd locales where they are not native. Vagrant individuals have historically been reported on New Caledonia, Iwo Jima, Fiji, and even in the relatively frigid Sea of Japan (thousands of miles from their native territory.) In late 2008/early 2009 a handful of wild saltwater crocodiles were verified to be living within the river systems of Fraser Island, hundreds of kilometers from and in much cooler water than their normal Queensland range. It was discovered that this crocodiles did indeed migrate south to the island from northern Queensland during the warmer wet season and presumably returned to the north upon the seasonal temperature drop. Despite the surprise and shock within the Fraser Island public, this is apparently not new behavior and in the distant past wild crocodiles had been reported occasionally popping up as far south as Brisbane during the warmer wet season.
Habitat
Saltwater crocodile sunning itself at Corroboree in the Northern Territory of Australia.
Saltwater crocodiles generally spend the tropical wet season in freshwater swamps and rivers, moving downstream to estuaries in the dry season, and sometimes traveling far out to sea. Crocodiles compete fiercely with each other for territory, with dominant males in particular occupying the most eligible stretches of freshwater creeks and streams. Junior crocodiles are thus forced into the more marginal river systems and sometimes into the ocean. This explains the large distribution of the animal (ranging from the east coast of India to northern Australia) as well as its being found in odd places on occasion (such as the Sea of Japan). Saltwater crocodiles can swim 15 to 18 miles per hour in short bursts, but when cruising go 2 to 3 mph.
Diet and behaviour
No Swimming sign from the Kakadu National Park.
The saltwater crocodile is an opportunistic apex predator capable of taking nearly any animal that enters its territory, either in the water or on dry land. They have also been known to attack humans who enter the crocodiles territory. Juveniles are restricted to smaller animals such as insects, amphibians, crustaceans, small reptiles and fish. The larger the animal grows, the greater the variety of animals it includes in the diet, although relatively small prey make up an important part of the diet even in adults. Large adult saltwater crocodiles can potentially eat any animals within its range, including monkeys, kangaroos, wild boar, dingos, goannas, birds, domestic livestock, pets, water buffalo, gaurs, bats, and even sharks,. Domestic cattle, horses, water buffalo and gaur, all of which may weigh over a ton, are considered the largest prey taken by male crocodiles. Generally very lethargic a trait which helps it survive months at a time without food it typically loiters in the water or basks in the sun through much of the day, preferring to hunt at night. Capable of explosive bursts of speed when launching an attack from the water, many species of crocodile are also capable of fast land-movement. Many crocodiles are capable of explosive charges that can carry them nearly as fast as a running human. The 23 species of crocodilian can travel over land using the belly crawl, the walk, the high-walk, and the gallop. However, stories of crocodiles being faster than a race horse for short distances across the ground are little more than urban legend.
As an apex predator, it usually waits for its prey to get close to the water's edge before striking, using its great strength to drag the animal back into the water. Most prey animals are killed by the great jaw pressure of the crocodile, although some animals may be incidentally drowned. It is an immensely powerful animal, having the strength to drag a fully grown water buffalo into a river, or crush a full-grown bovid's skull between its jaws. Its typical hunting technique is known as the "death roll," it grabs onto the animal and rolls powerfully. This throws any struggling large animal off balance making it easier to drag it into the water. The "death roll" is also used for tearing apart large animals once they are dead. Baby crocodiles may fall prey to Monitor lizards, predatory fish, birds, and many other predators. Juveniles and small adults (under 3 meters) may also fall prey to Bengal Tigers and Leopards in certain parts of their range, although this is rare. Crocodiles over 4 meters have no natural enemies and are capable of bringing down prey as large as adult Asian Water Buffalo.
Intelligence
One researcher, Dr. Adam Britton, has been studying crocodilian intelligence. In so doing, he has compiled a collection of Australian saltwater crocodile calls, and associated them with behaviors. His position is that while crocodilian brains are much smaller than those of mammals (as low as 0.05% of body weight in the saltwater crocodile), they are capable of learning difficult tasks with very little conditioning. He also infers that the crocodile calls hint at a deeper language ability than currently accepted. He suggests that saltwater crocodiles are clever animals that can possibly learn faster than lab rats. They have also learned to track the migratory route of their prey as the seasons change.
Attacks on humans
Saltwater crocodiles are extremely dangerous animals, but data on attacks is limited outside of Australia, and estimates of human fatalities vary wildly between dozens to thousands annually. It is likely that, given this species' low population within most of its non-Australian / New Guinean range, the number of attacks is probably within the lower range of estimates. Most attacks by adult "salties" are fatal, given the animals' size and strength. In Australia, attacks are rare and usually make headlines when they do occur. There are, on average, no more than one or two fatal attacks reported per year in the country. The low level of attacks is most likely due to the extensive effort by local wildlife officials to post crocodile warning signs at nearly every billabong, river, lake and even at some beaches and also due to the relatively well-informed nature of the local citizens. In the Aboriginal community of Arnhem Land, which occupies roughly half of the top end of the Northern Territory, attacks may go unreported and may be more common. There have also been recent, less-publicized attacks in Borneo, Sumatra, eastern India, and in Myanmar.
See also
Crocodile attack
Notes
^ Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1972). Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation. pp. 195. ISBN 0715352725.
^ a b c 'Crocodylus porosus' (Schneider, 1801), by Adam Britton from the Crocodilian Species List.
^ http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/csp_cpor.htm
^ http://www.australianfauna.com/saltwatercrocodile.php
^ a b Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983), ISBN 978-0851122359
^ ADW: Crocodylus porosus: Information
^ http://www.answers.com/topic/saltwater-crocodile-1
^ http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/saltwater-crocodile.html
^ a b Which is the largest species of crocodile?
^ a b Guinness: India Park Home to World's Largest Crocodile; 23 Feet
^ a b Seven-metre maneating crocodile shot dead, Daily Telegraph
^ World's Largest Reptile Found in India: Giant estuarine crocodile finds place in Guinness World Records
^ NORMANTON - Home of largest Crocodile ever shot!
^ Krys the crocodile, Normanton, Queensland
^ <http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/saltwater-crocodile.html>
^ Warm, fuzzy, weird, funny: The Museum(s) of Natural History spin some tall tales, Alvin Powell, Harvard Gazette
^ Saltwater Crocodile at National Geographic
^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24226179/
^ No Bull: Saltwater Crocodile Eats Shark
^ photograph of crocodile eating a shark
^ Mother's tug-of-war with child-eating crocodile
^ Big Gecko
^ "Crocodile Talk"
^ Crocodile Attack in Australia: An Analysis of Its Incidence and Review of the Pathology and Management of Crocodilian Attacks in General
^ http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/25/asia/AS-GEN-Malaysia-Crocodile-Attacks.php
^ Telegraph.co.uk "Woman saves daughter from crocodile"
^ Kalinga Times "Two injured in crocodile attack"
^ http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/20/asia/AS-GEN-Myanmar-Crocodile.php
References
Crocodile Specialist Group (1996). Crocodylus porosus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 9 May 2006.
External links
Sri Lanka Reptile database
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Crocodylus porosus
Recent Crocodile Attacks in Australia
Australian Saltwater Crocodile Photos and attack file
Saltwater crocodile calls from Dr. Britton's crocodilian.com site
Brief discussion from Dr. Britton and others discussing dromaeosaurid intelligence
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Extant Crocodilian species
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida (unranked): Archosauria Superorder: Crocodylomorpha
Family Gavialidae
Tomistoma
False gharial (T. schlegelii)
Gavialis
Gharial (G. gangeticus)
Family Alligatoridae
Alligatorinae
(Alligators)
Alligator
American Alligator (A. mississippiensis) Chinese Alligator (A. sinensis)
Caimaninae
(Caimans)
Paleosuchus
Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman (P. palpebrosus) Smooth-fronted Caiman (P. trigonatus)
Caiman
Spectacled Caiman (C. crocodilus) Broad-snouted Caiman (C. latirostris) Yacare Caiman (C. yacare)
Melanosuchus
Black Caiman (M. niger)
Family Crocodylidae (Crocodiles)
Crocodylinae
Crocodylus
American Crocodile (C. acutus) Slender-snouted Crocodile (C. cataphractus) Orinoco Crocodile (C. intermedius) Freshwater Crocodile (C. johnsoni) Philippine crocodile (C. mindorensis) Morelet's Crocodile (C. moreletii) Nile crocodile (C. niloticus) New Guinea Crocodile (C. novaeguineae) Mugger Crocodile (C. palustris) Saltwater Crocodile (C. porosus) Cuban Crocodile (C. rhombifer) Siamese Crocodile (C. siamensis)
Osteolaemus
Dwarf Crocodile (O. tetraspis)
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Related articles on alligators, caimans, crocodiles and gharials
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U.S. Alligator fatalities Australian crocodile attacks Crocodile attacks Alligator farm Crocodile tears Famous crocodiles and alligators Sewer alligator
Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species | Crocodiles | Crocodylidae | Marine reptiles | Fauna of Southeast Asia | Reptiles of Australia | Reptiles of Western Australia | Fauna of Bangladesh | Fauna of Brunei | Fauna of Cambodia | Reptiles of India | Reptiles of Indonesia | Fauna of Malaysia | Fauna of Burma | Fauna of Papua New Guinea | Reptiles of the Philippines | Reptiles of Sri Lanka | Fauna of Thailand | Fauna of Vietnam | Megafauna of Australia | Megafauna of Eurasia
Magic Johnson Theatres
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Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) pan tilt security camera
Magic Johnson Theatres are a chain of movie theaters, originally developed in 1994 by Johnson Development Corporation, the business holding of basketball player-turned-entrepreneur Magic Johnson, and Sony Pictures Entertainment through a partnership with Sony-Loews Theatres. A 1998 merger between Sony-Loews and Cineplex Odeon Corporation caused Magic Theatres to become part of the new Loews Cineplex Entertainment Corp., currently one of the largest theatrical film exhibition companies in the world. Currently the chain is owned by AMC Theatres after Sony-Loews was acquired by the cinema giant in 2005. ezonics webcam
The focus of Magic Theatres was to build first-rate multiplexes in urban communities, bringing high quality facilities and technology, as well as job development, encouraging local economic growth. While Magic Theatres are patterned after the Loews Cineplex Entertainment model, they retain the Magic name and focus on urban markets. Each complex is around 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) with multiple concession areas, 10 to 15 screens with SDDS stereo sound, stadium seating and a capacity of 3,200 to 5,000. After building the Magic Theatre in Harlem, multiple businesses followed suit including Old Navy, Disney, and HMV. night vision webcam
Earvin Magic Johnson is chairman of Magic Theatres and is actively involved in the management committee, strategic planning, operations and public relations.
There are currently six multiplex theatres in or near major cities of the United States of America, namely in areas which are predominantly African-American (hence the branding) and previously were underserved by modern cineplexes. The venture dates back to when the Magic Johnson Crenshaw 15 opened in the Crenshaw district of Los Angeles, California.
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Concrete curing
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How the process works
Concrete achieves its strength through a hydraulic process known as hydration. With the addition of the correct amount of water, cement gels into a paste that glues sand and aggregates together to form hardened concrete. For our purposes, this process begins in the mixer and continues throughout the time the concrete is reaching its ultimate strength.
The climate during the concrete curing process is important for the quality of the hydration and strength gain. The ambient temperature plays an important role in determining the speed of the hydration process. The warmer the air, the warmer the concrete and the quicker the concrete strength gain. That being said, the four most important aspects of the curing climate are moisture, temperature, circulation and carbon dioxide. All four of these factors have a positive effect on the hydration process at elevated, though controlled levels. This is important because with an improper hydration reaction the surface of the concrete product being cured will be porous, possibly leading to primary efflorescence and a weakened product. backhoe attachments
Hydration and its effect on primary efflorescence backhoe bucket
Hydration, as mentioned previously, is a chemical reaction that takes place in the formation of concrete structures and is the mechanism by which Portland cement gains its strength. This reaction is caused by the mixing of cement, aggregates and water. Improper hydration on the surface of a concrete product can cause it to have rough, honeycombed surfaces and will leave you with a porous concrete structure. These porous concrete structures will then allow more calcium hydroxide to reach the product surface causing primary efflorescence and also weakening the structure. bulldozer parts
As stated by the Ohio Ready Mix Concrete Association uring concrete is one of the most important steps in concrete construction and regrettably, one of the most neglected. Effective curing is absolutely essential for surface durability. The curing of concrete involves maintaining a proper moisture vapor transmission rate (2% mvtr) immediately after concrete placement and throughout the ensuing period of approximately 28 days.
For centuries curing concrete has been accomplished by bathing green concrete with water, moist straw or burlap blankets. Actually, Water Curing concrete consistently for 14-28 days remains a sound method of curing concrete, but labor conditions have rendered this method impractical except for extremely unique projects.
During the chemical age of the 1950, in an attempt to reduce labor costs and increase consistency, curing concrete with Thin Film Curing Agents came into practice. This time also marked advent of retarders and accelerators some of which may not have a positive affect on concrete quality. Thin film curing agents, typically acrylic resins or wax, are designed to remain on top of the concrete during the 28 day curing process. Even distribution and thickness of the film layer is critical to obtain the desired mvtr - as such proper application is critical. When functioning properly these films dissipate by the conclusion of the curing process. However, variance in temperature, weather conditions and exposure to UV light make the timing of this process unpredictable. If dissipation is incomplete uneven blotchy appearance may occur. In almost all cases grinding, stripping or shot blasting is required to commence with permanent sealing or coating, which adds additional labor cost and time cost.
During the 1980 the US government and military began the use of Chemically Reactive Penetrating Curing Agents containing siliconates and organo-siliconate compounds to highly valued projects such as airport runways, bridges, tunnels and high priority applications. Tests by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) have also demonstrated the high performance curing properties of certain siliconates and organo-siliconate. Application is straightforward and typically done with a low pressure garden-style sprayer. Because the chemical reaction is predictable, the highest standards of consistency are achieved, and within 3-5 hours variables such as temperature, weather and UV exposure become negligible. Additionally, the chemical reaction is permanent, which permanently increases the strength as measured in pounds per square inch (PSI), hydrophobic resistance, and oliophobic resistance of concrete. Further, within 21 days penetrating chemically reactive cures can allow additional treatments densifier/hardeners, stains, epoxies and urethanes - to be applied without the added labor cost and time cost for removal of residual film.
All national concrete authorities, American Concrete Institute, Portland Cement Association and North American Ready Mix Concrete Association stress the importance of properly curing concrete. Chemically Reactive Penetrating Curing Agents, once considered prohibitively expensive, are gaining rapidly in popularity as they can provide cost effective, reliable curing results with the added benefits of permanently improved concrete strength, moisture resistance and dust resistance.
Carbonation and its effect on secondary efflorescence
Secondary efflorescence is another significant problem that can be averted if the appropriate action is taken. Secondary efflorescence appears at any stage after the initial hardening process has ended. This can be while the concrete is stored or after the final product has been installed. This second type of efflorescence is caused by a chemical reaction known as carbonation that takes place on the surface of the concrete. Carbonation is a natural reaction between the materials in cement, water and the atmosphere. That being said, this secondary chemical reaction can be expedited and controlled in order to form this carbonation under the surface of the concrete. This interior carbonation then remains unnoticeable and, by blocking the concrete pores, will inhibit the formation of efflorescence on the surface of the product in the future.
Accelerated curing of concrete and its effect on all efflorescence
The three most widely accepted methods of accelerated curing are by using steam boilers (provide steam at atmospheric pressure which leads to high temperatures and moisture), hot air heating combined with misting systems (produces a higher curing temperature and provides moisture), and direct fired vapor generators (provides a high temperature, moisture and carbon dioxide).
Steam boilers: These are systems that produce a steam at atmospheric pressure, which simultaneously introduces heat and moisture to the products being cured. These are two important elements to the accelerated curing of concrete products.
Hot air/misting systems: These systems provide heat for the products and they provide moisture for the products. However, the mist (water that has just been made more fine) does not undergo the change in matter from a liquid to a gas. Therefore, it has no energy (heat) meaning it is not as efficient. This misting will increase the relative humidity while at the same time it will decrease the temperature. Concrete needs this higher temperature to cure.
Direct fired vapor generator: These vapor generators produce a vapor from water that is in direct contact with the combustion gasses. This vapor has all of the qualities of steam but it is non-pressurized making it safer. Also, the by-product of this combustion process is carbon dioxide, which is one of the gasses in the carbonation reaction mentioned earlier. Therefore, this direct-fired process fills a curing enclosure with approximately 3% carbon dioxide in the air as opposed to only 0.03% that occurs in the natural environment. That expedited carbonation reaction is the key to reducing secondary efflorescence.
References
^
^ http://www.understanding-cement.com/hydration.html
Categories: Cement | Concrete | Construction terminology | Masonry | Pavements | Sculpture materialsHidden categories: Articles to be merged from December 2008 | All articles to be merged | Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2008 | All articles needing style editing
Tawau
China Suppliers
mpt.sabah.gov.my/
Tawau is the administrative center of Tawau Division and the third largest town of Sabah after Kota Kinabalu and Sandakan.
Contents agaricus blazei
1 Geography oleoresin
2 History eurycoma
3 Demographics
4 Economy
4.1 Cocoa industry
4.2 Fishing industry
5 Education
6 Places of interest
6.1 Tawau Hills National Park
6.2 Bukit Gemok
6.3 Neighbouring islands
6.4 Tawau Cocoa Village
6.5 Shan Shui Golf & Country Club
7 Wildlife
7.1 Proboscis monkey
8 Local cuisine
9 Getting there
10 Gallery
11 References
12 External links
//
Geography
Tawau is located at the south-east coast of Sabah which faces the Celebes Sea to the east and the interior mountain ranges to the west. The geographic coordinates of Tawau are latitude 4.298 degree North and longitude 117.883 degree East.
The main town area can be divided into three sections, i.e. Sabindo, Fajar and Tawau Lama or Old Tawau. Federal House, where most government offices such as the Immigration Department and the National Registration Department are located is found in Sabindo area. Fajar is the commercial area, where major banks such as HSBC and Maybank,BSN,Public Bank, are located. The Tawau District Court is also situated here. Tawau Lama is the original part of Tawau, which contains Tawau's central market. Tawau Port is also located in Tawau Lama.
History
In early 1890s, Tawau's population was about 200 comprising mainly Tidung people and Suluk people, the groups of local natives (see information of Muzium Negeri Sabah) from the Kesultanan Sulu Territories (including Kudat, Sandakan, Lahad Datu and Sebatik) around Borneo Island. These people were long-settled in the villages in Tawau Lama. Most of them were fishermen and hill rice farmers, who maintained trade with the Dutch.
The name Tawau itself an enigma: ther earliest reference to site of present town was Tanjung. Some sources suggest that the Suluk traders called the place Tawao, a misnomer of Davao on Philippine Island of Mindanao. The most credible origin of the word Tawau is attributed to the Tidung, who called the place Tanah Tidung with the word Tanah corrupted to Tawau.
On 9 February 1893, the British vessel S.S. "Normanhurst" sailed into Tawau (or Tawao as it was then known) for the first time with a full cargo of dammar, gutta percha, Indian rubber, tortoise shell, and ivory to barter for rattan, raisins, Birds' nests and rubber. Kee Abdullah (a Sino-Dusun Muslim) was appointed by the British North Borneo (Chartered) Company as a custom examiner and revenue collector in 1894 in Tawau. He later became the first Penghulu or Orang Kaya (OKK) in Tawau.
Location of Tawau district and town within Tawau Division in Sabah.
Steps were taken to establish the rudiment of local government by the British North Borneo Company (North Borneo Annual Volume 1966-1965 recorded that Tawau was founded in 1898). Land leases were alienated by the Administration. Since Tawau is situated close to the boundary with Indonesia, it is noteworthy to mention here that the Sebatik boundary is to latitude 410'N which was delimited in 1912 by a Boundary Commission comprising of officials from United Kingdom and Netherlands. A joint report was prepared together with a map and duly signed by their respective commissioners in Tawau on 17/2/1913. By a protocol between the UK and the Netherlands signed in London on 28/9/1915, the two governments confirmed the joint report and the map.
In 1930s, Tawau prospered rapidly due largely to its agricultural potential. The inhabitant population rose to 1800 in 1931. The Kuhara Rubber and Manila Hemp Estates and the Kubota Coconut Estates were the two largest plantations of the time. There were also coal mining activities in Silimpopon, 80 mile from Tawau, from 1905 to 1930, operated by the Cowie Harbour Coal Company. Most of the work force was largely Cantonese. The First World War (1914-1918) did not directly affect Tawau, which had, however, suffered its share of the world slump. Sandakan was the permanent seat of Government and centre of commerce; Tawau was a small but prosperous town.
By the end of 1930s, there were about 60 shophouses, all timber-built, lining the two main streets of Tawau, Dunlop Street (named after A.R. Dunlop who was a District Officer) and Man Cheong Street (now part of Dunlop Street). Man Cheong was a popular coffee shop. It still operates at Dunlop Street. Dunlop Street was so close to the shore that the shops on one side backed out over the high water mark. Most shops were owned by Chinese and sold the foodstuffs and equipment needed in households and on smallholdings. There were some coffee shops and lodging houses.
Tawau's centre was the padang or Town Field, an open area, with the sea on one side and whitewashed timber buildings on the other three - the District Office, police quarters, the government resthouse, none more than two storeys high. A tower (which still stands at the Town Field) was erected by the Japanese after World War I and hours were rung at intervals by the police guard. The scene was tranquil and beautiful. Traffic was scarce - a handful of private cars, lorries and vehicles belonging to the estates. From the field, Dunlop Street branched into Apas Road, which branched off to the Kuhara rubber estates and Sin On. Its people knew intuitively that they had to live and work together. Despite the many races, ethnic groups and religions, the town was very peaceful. There was no serious crime; doors and windows of dwelling houses were normally left unlocked.
Sabindo Seafood tawau center
There was neither electricity supply nor main drainage. The water supply to the town was by means of tubs set on trolleys which ran along the narrow gauge trolley line from Tawau River. The tubs were hauled by hand. A telephone line linked the District Office with the District Officer's house, the light house and Kuhara estate. The Government's wireless station communicated daily with Sandakan, whence messages were transmitted to Hong Kong and Singapore. There was no bank, but money could be remitted through the post office, and the Treasury accepted and repaid deposits on behalf of the State Bank.
There were 300 Japanese working on the estates and 100 on Si-Amil Island. They owned the biggest estates (Kuhara Estate), and a golf course. There was an estate hospital and representative office of a Japanese Bank set up for the benefit of the Japanese inhabitants. Their commercial fishing was mainly for tuna. Their company, Borneo Fishing Company, whose office and factory was situated at Si-Amil Island (east of Mabul and Sipadan Islands). Apparently, all workers there were Japanese. Japanese men crewed the fishing boats, while canning factory was worked mainly by Japanese women. The workers and suppliers arrived in Tawau in Japanese ships, and all were disembarked into launches and lighters and taken direct to Si-Amil.
The S.S. "Kinabalu" of the Sabah Steamship Company (a subsidiary of Chartered Company) linked Tawau with Sandakan, Lahad Datu, Semporna and Tungku. The ship was wrecked off Semporna and later replaced by S.S. "Baynain" by the Bakau Company (also a subsidiary of the Chartered Company). The government cruiser "Petrel" was based in Tawau, but was often used on duty elsewhere. Apart from that, there very few sailing craft. There was no airfield in Tawau (or anywhere in Sabah). There was a small public hospital close to the shore but it had no medical officer. A medical doctor by the name of Ernst Sternfeld was sent from Sandakan to station in Tawau in 1939-1940, but lasted only a few months.
Shan Sui Golf and Country Club
The Chinese community maintained schools. The Roman Catholic Church was later established in 1922 and provided the only English primary school. Mosques were unostentatious. The District Office was headed by a British expatriate District Officer and assisted by a chief clerk and court interpreter, Lim Ong Tun. OKK Abu Bakar (a local Malay leader) the second penghulu or OKK was another highly respected figure in the community. The Chinese "Kapitan" was Stephen Tan (who was later killed by Japanese invaders).
A letter from Tawau to Sandakan could take more than nine days to arrive and nineteen days was the average time for a letter to get to Singapore. Since it took many days for the locals to receive mails and newspapers, they tended to rely on radio to keep themselves informed of world news - for the wars in Europe, China etc. Even then, few people could afford a radio set.
In January 1942, North Borneo was invaded by Japanese naval and military forces. As the Japanese forces advanced around the coast of Borneo, from the oil fields near Kuching, then to Jesselton - while Tawau carried on normally. On 19 January 1942, the Sandakan wireless station went off the air. On 24 January 1942, the Japanese invaders were sighted off Batu Tinagat. The District Officer (Cole Adams) and his Assistant met the invaders at the wharf and were arrested immediately. Mr. Cole Adams, after forty-four months in the Japanese prison camps, first on Berhala Island near Sandakan, and then at Batu Lintang camp near Kuching, died in September 1945 on the very day of his release by the Australian 9th Division.
For 3 1/2 years Tawau and the rest of the country remained under the Japanese occupation until being finally liberated by units of North Australian Division, who landed in Labuan on 10 June 1945. B.B.C.A.U., the British Military Administration of North Borneo found the Colony in a state of devastation. Like all other major towns in the Colony, Tawau was destroyed or damaged by bombing and fire.
During the Japanese occupation, many of the inhabitants were massacred, among them a large number of government servants. The British Military Administration continued until 15 July 1946, when civil government was resumed. A lot of pre-war records were destroyed. The emphasis in the immediate post war period was concerned with rehabilitation and reconstruction. A reconstruction and development plan for the years 1945-1955 was adopted in 1948. There were many programmes in the field of social services. The Tawau Town Board was constituted in 1955 with control over its own finances and local authorities.
Demographics
As of 1991, the population of the Tawau was estimated at 345,000. The ethnic composition is mainly Local Malays people such as Malay Tidong, Malay Suluk, Malay Arab,Malay Jawa, Malay Banjar ( see Melayu Tawau ), a lot of Indonesian people especially Bugisses ( 20% citizen and 80% non-citizen ), Torajas, Butons and Timores and also Local Chinese with about 12% of the population, 8% Bajau, and with significant minorities of Iban and Murut. However, there is also a very large non-registered and illegal immigrant population from Philippines and Indonesia as well that cannot be controlled.
Population statistics (2007 census)
Total
374,728
Female
184,416
Male
190,312
Malay
11,516
Dusun
921
Kadazan
76
Bajau
17,094
Murut
1,529
Other Bumiputera
24,946
Chinese
35,097
Indonesian
55,057
Other Non-Bumiputera
3,727
Total Malaysian citizen
152,695
Non-Malaysian citizen
244.728
Population distribution
14.1%
Population density
40/km
Economy
Exports have traditionally been tobacco, cocoa and palm oil. Currently, Tawau Port is one of Sabah's main export gateway for timber. Birds' nests are harvested at Baturong, Segalong and Madai Caves as Chinese medicinal delicacies.
There are a few significant development projects in Tawau. These include Tawau Sports Complex, Tawau Free Trade Zone, Kuhara Point and Bandar Sri Indah.
Kuhara Point is an integrated development project which consists of a shopping mall, Eastern Plaza, an office tower, a 4-star hotel and high-rise luxurious condominiums, Kuhara Court.
Bandar Sri Indah is Sabah's largest satellite township development project. It is constructed on 1,368 acres (5.54 km2) of reclaimed land, which is three times larger than Tawau town center. Bandar Sri Indah is located at km 16 of Tawau Airport Highway.
Cocoa industry
Tawau is the world's third largest producer of cocoa bean after Ivory Coast and Ghana. It was named the cocoa capital of Asia in the 1980s. According to the director of Agricultural & Rural Development Department for Vietnamese region, Malaysian cocoa seeds are the best in Asia. As of Feb 2002, the bean price for the SMC1A grade ex-Tawau in Malaysia's growing area rose to 5,173 ringgit (US$1,361) a tonne from 4,890 ringgit one week earlier. Malaysia plans to increase its cocoa beans output to 250,000 tonnes a year to help meet the rising of country's grinders' demand and cut down the imports of cocoa bean.
Malaysia Cocoa Board
Cocoa Museum Tawau
Fishing industry
Since time immemorial, people in Tawau have relied on the sea for their sustenance. A great variety of high-grade fishes and all kinds of crustaceans were found in abundance in the sea and waterways around Tawau. To the early settlers, nearly all seafarers, making a living from the sea was easy. And in the age of subsistence economy with a small population, in-shore fishing using sampans was the norm. There was apparently no urgency or necessity to organize the fishing folk to engage in commercial deep-sea fishing. However, the Chartered Company soon realized the potential of developing deep-sea fishing as a means to augment and diversify the existing economic base. Once again they turned to the Japanese, at that time the most modern Asian country and an ally of Britain.
In 1917, a Japanese merchant marine captain Jiro Orita launched the Borneo Fishing Company, which differs from the previous fishing efforts in at least two ways. Firstly, it was a larger operation and secondly, it was geared to support the export market. The company set up an office in Tawau. The fishes were caught in the surrounding waters, taken to Pulau Si Amil, an island about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Semporna, where they were processed and then, taken to the company's warehouse in Tawau to await shipment. Orita imported his labour from Japan and Taiwan. Orita's Ice Plant, developed mainly for the freezing of fish, also supplied ice to the town.
Today, prawn farming is one of the main activities in Tawau. Spawners from Sabah, especially Tawau, are graded the best in Malaysia. For this reason, Tawau has been supplying high-grade tiger prawns to neighbouring countries, such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan for decades.
Hundreds of deep sea trawlers and tuckboats can be seen at Cowie Bay.
Tiger Prawn farming
Education
Tawau offers good opportunities for education. There are many primary and secondary schools in Tawau such as St. Patrick Anglican Academy (S.P.A.A), SM St. Patrick and SMK Tawau. There is also one private Chinese high school - Sabah Chinese High School (Sekolah Tinggi Cina Sabah). Technical and Vocational school can also be found at Tawau. The only Technical School in Tawau is SM Teknik Tawau, that are situated at the Muhibbah. Tawau also has one of the only two A-Level education centres in the state of Sabah - the Institute of Science and Management (ISM). There are also teacher training colleges such as Institut Perguruan Tawau,Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sabah Tawau Branch, Open University Malaysia, PPT Universiti Terbuka Malaysia,Tawau, Kolej Komuniti Tawau, Maktab Rendah Sains MARA Tawau and Pusat Giat Mara Tawau.
Places of interest
Tawau has a lot to offer to local & foreign tourists. Some of them are;
Tawau Hills National Park
Main article: Tawau Hills National Park
Tawau Hills National Park has picnic areas, a vast camping site, and cabins, mainly visited by local residents during weekends. Located 24 km from Tawau town, the park is accessible by road transport. The Tawau River flows across the park and tumbles over several attractive waterfalls. The Table Waterfall has created a natural flowing pond for swimmers. Shelters, toilets and changing rooms are within vicinity.
The park is formed from rugged volcanic landscapes. Bombalai Hill, a relatively young volcanic cone, has the remains of the central crater, which still can be seen from the summit. Local flora include the lowland Dipterocarp forest, as well as many species of wild orchids. Occasional sightings of Maroon Leaf Monkeys and Crab-eating Macaques, and the less common but beautiful Cream-coloured Giant Squirrel, and the Asian Forest Tortoise are found.
Bukit Gemok
Bukit Gemok (The Fat Hill) is about 11 km from Tawau town. Its geographical location is 40 19 / 1170 19. It is quite popular among the locals, especially with hikers and those who like mountain climbing. Many climbers have been frequenting Bukit Gemok, both in the morning and in the afternoon. It gives them a good form of exercise and recreation.
Bukit Gemok is about 428 meter from sea level and is part of the Bukit Gemok Forest Reserve covering 4.45 km. It was declared a forest reserve in 1984.
What makes Bukit Gemok interesting is the challenging track to the top of the hill. There is also a canopy walkway, Titian Silara, which is 231 meter long. It hangs from a few trees on the top of Bukit Gemok and provides visitors a good view of Tawau. The canopy walkway is the second one to be built here after the original canopy collapsed. It is worthwhile to climb up the hill just to enjoy the fantastic views.
Cikgu Lee - Bukit Gemok
Cikgu Lee - Bukit Gemok (Malay)
Neighbouring islands
Tawau Harbor is used as a transit point to many neighbouring islands, such as Sipadan, Mabul, Kapalai & Mataking islands; and to Indonesia such as Sebatik island, Tarakan & Nunukan island.
Sipadan Island is the only oceanic island in Malaysia. It rises 2,000 feet (600 m) to its peak above sea floor. It is rated as one of the best diving sites in the world. Mabul Island is a small oval shaped island of 200,000 m ringed with sandy beaches. It is perched on the northwest corner of a larger 2 square kilometre reef.
Tawau Cocoa Village
Tawau is always inseparable with cocoa. Tawau Cocoa Village is situated at the world-renowned cocoa-planting site, Quoin Hill. Visitors are taken on a two-hour guided tour to see how cocoa is cultivated, harvested, fermented and dried before they are sent to the factory. In close proximity to the factory is a guest house. There is a gallery of cocoa products which tourists can buy as souvenirs. Tourists are served a variety of local fruits.
Following paths from the factory is a hiking trail which leads to a magnificent waterfall. The magnificent waterfall, also known as the Cocoa Culture Spring at the village is an ideal location for a picnic. Nature lovers will feel very much like entering a typical and tropical dense forest which is surrounded by a vast diversity of flora and fauna. The village has two main waterfalls and four mini cascades. Trek up and down steep stairways, following the sounds of babbling brooks will end at what promises to be a splendid waterfall. This waterfall is opened to the public and it is ideal for picnics and get-togethers of families and friends.
For more information, visit following URL :
Tawau Cocoa Village
Shan Shui Golf & Country Club
Shan Shui Golf & Country club is situated on the airport highway 15 km off Tawau. This magnificent hideaway has an 18-hole championship golf course designed by Nelson & Haworth. It is acclaimed to be their finest creation in Asia. Shan Shui Golf & Country club provides the hardest bar hole in Malaysia. The ground level is not smooth, that's why increasing the difficulties of golf playing. It has attracted some Korean golf players to visit Tawau just for golf game.
Shan Shui Golf Club
Wildlife
Proboscis monkey
Proboscis monkeys are the rarest primates on earth as they are only found on the island of Borneo. These monkeys live in mangrove swamps and riverside forests along the Tawau River. The females are about 60 cm tall and the males are about 70 cm tall. They have reddish fur and are tree-dwellers, who inhabit areas close to water and are excellent swimmers. The monkeys are vegetarian and live on mangrove shoots and fruits. They travel in small groups.
World of Primates photo gallery
Local cuisine
Seafood stalls at the Sabindo hawker centre is located along the waterfront of town centre. The stalls offer very competitive prices for selective catch of the day. akanan Laut 101 serves excellent crab and shellfishes with vegetables at incredibly low prices. ongolian Chicken Rice on Jalan Chester offers one of the tastiest Chicken Rice in town. The small outlet is always crowded.
At night, numerous stalls set up around the town. Many stalls sell Malay's foods like tasty chicken wings, nasi campur, variety of sate such as sate lembu, sate ayam, sate hati and sate empedal,'Terang Bulan', many types of fried foods such as 'goreng pisang', 'ubi goreng', 'cempedak goreng' and 'sukun goreng', variety of Jawa foods like mi jawa, murtabak jawa, gado gado, bakso and a Makasar specialty food 'Coto Makasar' and 'Sanggar' ( Bugis's name for fried bananas), ABC and Cendol and many types of Malay's cakes such as 'apam', 'kuih talam' , Onde-onde (glutinous rice with savoury taste roasted in banana leaves), Kuih Pandan (Pandan rice cake), Donut( Doughnut ) Karipap (Curry Puff), Kuih kacang (Peanut pancake spread with Kaya coconut jam), Bubur Chaca(local dessert served with tapioca, sweet potato and sago in sweet coconut milk) & etc.
"Nasi Kuning" or yellow rice is an Tawau Malay's recipe that cannot be found anywhere else in Malaysia except Tawau. The rice is cooked with turmeric, also known as kunyit in Malay, and coconut milk - which when mixed causes the rice to become yellow in colour. It is usually served with a piece of fish deep-fried in dried chilli sauce. This can be found in almost any Malay restaurants or stalls around Tawau but sometimes also sold in some Chinese coffeeshops. To further enhance the taste, the rice is usually wrapped in banana leaves. Price ranges from RM 0.50 to RM 3.00 per serving.
Tauhu mee or mi tauhu also can't be found in Malaysia accept Tawau.. The "mi tauhu" is "mi kuning" or bee hoon served with fried tauhu pasted with fish fillet and "kuah taucu". Besides tauhu pasted with fish fillet, "mi tauhu" also served with fish pasted chili, eggplant and 'peria'. The price range of "mi tauhu" from RM 1.50 to RM 3.00..
"Amplang" is also another cuisine which cannot be found anywhere else in Malaysia except Tawau. It is a deep-fried fish paste which is dipped in corn flour before frying.
Some other desserts that are more commonly found in this town is Iced Lime Tea(usually with a sour plum and commonly known as 'Kit Cai Sui Peng') and Coconut Pudding (Pudding made from coconut which uses the coconut itself as the mould )
Getting there
Getting to Tawau from the state capital city of Kota Kinabalu takes about 8 hours by express coach, stationed at North City Bus Terminal at Inanam, a township located outside the Kota Kinabalu city centre on Jalan Tuaran).
Travelling by air takes about 45 minutes from Kota Kinabalu or Sandakan. Malaysia Airlines provides up to 4 daily scheduled flights from Kota Kinabalu International Airport to Tawau International Airport.
Another low-cost carrier service provided by Air Asia, which fly directly from Kuala Lumpur International Airport, KLIA and Senai International Airport in Johor Bahru takes about 2 hours and 30 minutes.
Air Asia Flight Schedule: (valid until 24 Mar 2007)
Flight no.
Route
Departs
Arrives
M
T
W
T
F
S
S
AK 5152
Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
Tawau (TWU)
07:20
10:05
AK 5153
Tawau (TWU)
Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
10:30
13:15
AK 5156
Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
Tawau (TWU)
17:30
20:15
AK 5157
Tawau (TWU)
Kuala Lumpur (KUL)
20:40
23:25
AK 5632
Johor Bahru (JHB)
Tawau (TWU)
12:55
15:40
AK 5633
Tawau (TWU)
Johor Bahru (JHB)
16:05
18:50
AK 5833
Kota Kinabalu (BKI)
Tawau (TWU)
09:30
10:20
AK 5834
Tawau (TWU)
Kota Kinabalu (BKI)
10:45
11:35
AK 5835
Kota Kinabalu (BKI)
Tawau (TWU)
15:50
16:40
AK 5836
Tawau (TWU)
Kota Kinabalu (BKI)
17:05
17:55
Since 1 August 2006, AirAsia introduced FlyingAsianeXpress (abbreviated as FAX) to take over the operations previously owned by Malaysian Airlines in East Malaysia where smaller aircraft such as Fokker 50 and Twin Otter are used to fly the interior region or smaller towns. FAX is officially the third largest airline in Malaysia.
FlyingAsianeXpress Flight Schedule: (valid until 28 Oct 2006)
Flight no.
Route
Departs
Arrives
M
T
W
T
F
S
S
D72133
TAWAU (TWU)
SANDAKAN (SDK)
12:30
13:10
D72137
TAWAU (TWU)
SANDAKAN (SDK)
18:35
19:15
Online booking for MAS
Online booking for Air Asia
Online booking for FlyingAsianeXpress
Gallery
Mount Kinabalu seen from a flight to Tawau
Palm oil nursery in Tawau
References
^ Tawau Story by Nicholas Chung
External links
Tawau travel guide from Wikitravel
Sabah official site on Tawau
Tawau information
More History of Tawau
v d e
Sabah
Divisions
Interior Division Kudat Division Sandakan Division Tawau Division West Coast Division
Cities
Kota Kinabalu (capital)
Towns
Beaufort Beluran Bingkor Bongawan Donggongon Inanam Kalabakan Keningau Kimanis Kinabatangan Kinarut Kota Belud Kota Marudu Kuala Penyu Kudat Kunak Kundasang Lahad Datu Membakut Menggatal Nabawan Papar Pensiangan Pitas Putatan Ranau Sandakan Sapulut Semporna Sepanggar Sindumin Sipitang Tambunan Tamparuli Tawau Telipok Telupid Tenom Tuaran Weston
Islands
Balambangan Island Banggi Island Berhala Island Gaya Island Jambongan Island Kapalai Island Lankayan Island Layang Layang Island Libaran Island Ligitan Island Mabul Island Malawali Island Sebatik Island Selingan Island Sipadan Island Tabawan Island Tiga Island Timbun Mata Island
v d e
Sabah Development Corridor
SDC cities and towns
Kota Kinabalu Sandakan Tawau
SDC infrastructure
Kota Kinabalu International Airport Sepanggar
SDC tourism
Mount Kinabalu Poring Kinabalu National Park Sipadan Island Ligitan Island
SDC Educational
University of Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
Categories: Tawau | Cities, towns and villages in SabahHidden categories: Articles requiring geodata verification
