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The body
Ilario Bandini Pescara behind him his brother Gualtiero
The body, two seaters aluminium it is achieved by Bandini, the headquarters of Via Cesare Battisti to Forl. Small cycle fenders (or cycle wings) were fitted, leaving the body adhering to the frame assuming forms without imposing its own. The result is a synergistic combination of technological and aerodynamically efficient torpedo and elements from the animal kingdom. Ilario Bandini, from the end of observer, loved to reiterate that nature had solved very well functional problems that man is initiated only to face. Here then that the muzzle, to make as much air to the engine without overloading the front section, has the characteristics of enormous nostrils; lights are encased in it as the eyes of fish, the heat is disposed sfoghi to using louvers resembling the gills of a shark. In order to reduce weight as much as possible, the tail is very short and round and only the passenger has a tiny door. Sometimes the bonnet reveals, with two bombature shaped flame, the use of a twin cam engine. reclosable bag
The chassis trash can liner
Torpedo in a recent event biodegradable packaging
The frame is a refinement of the 1100 sport, produced in parallel, which is the version to competition. The size and weight are reduced significantly. The height from the ground is 13 cm, while the bare chassis weighs only 25 kg (55 lb).[citation needed]
Structure and material: frame of elliptical section tubes, special steel aeronautics derivation
Suspension:
Front: Independent, triangles overlapping with shock hydraulic telescopic tilted and springs cylindrical helical coaxial
Rear: a bridge with two rigid leaf spring semiellittiche inclined
Braking system:
Service: hydraulics, drum front and rear
Parking Mechanical tape, on transmission
Steering: a worm
Wheels: Borrani Ray
Tank: 50 L (13 US gal; 11 imp gal)
Transmission: transmission shaft with central rear differential and halfshaft
The engine
A Torpedo the 1100 Bandini Day
The chassis, born to accommodate engines Fiat 1100 drawn up or radically transformed, proved suitable for different engines up to 1500 cc engine capacity.
1100 DOHC version
Positioning: forward longitudinal, 4-cylinder in-line
Displacement: 1089 cc
Bore and Stroke: 68 mm x 75 mm
Head: Derivated Alfa Romeo 6 adapted to the 4-cylinder engine, 2 inclined valves per cylinder, 2 camshafts controlled by chain and gears
Power maximum: 65 hp
Fuel system: 2 carburettors
Lubricate: Carter wet with pump gear and vertical cooler on the front
Cooling: forced liquid with centrifugal pump and cooler on the front
Gearbox and clutch: 4 speed+ RG, clutch single dry disc
Ignition and electrical system: coil and distributor battery 12 V and generator
Fiat-Siata 1500 version
Details of the passenger with the control board
Positioning: forward longitudinal, 4-cylinder in-line
Displacement: 1496 cc
Power maximum: 90 hp 6000 rpm
Fuel system: 2 carburettors
Lubrication: Carter wet with pump gear and vertical cooler on the front
Cooling: forced liquid with centrifugal pump and cooler on the front
Gearbox and clutch: 4 speed + RG, clutch single dry disc
Ignition and electrical equipment: coil and distributor, battery 12 V and generator
Weight total: 485 kg (1,069 lb)
See also
Ilario Bandini
Bandini Cars
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bandini Automobili
Bandini Automobili
official site
- Models -
Barchette: "La prima" 1100/46 1100 sport 1100 siluro Bandini-Maserati 1500
750 sport siluro 750 sport internazionale "saponetta"
Formula: Formula 3 Formula junior
GT: 750 GT Zagato 1000 GT
Sport coup: Saloncino Berlinetta 1000 turbo 16Vi
Sport prototipo: 1000/62 P 1000/66 sport 1000/70 V
Mille s.p. 1300 16Vi
Eng. H.C. Ilario Bandini
Categories: Bandini vehicles | 1940s automobiles | Sports cars | Vehicles introduced in 1947Hidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from July 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles to be merged from July 2008 | All articles to be merged | Articles containing explicitly cited English language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009
Friday, April 23, 2010
Bandini 1100 siluro
Thermal mass flow meter
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Introduction
There are two types of thermal flow meters in industry. Industrial thermal mass flow meters, also known as thermal dispersion or immersible mass flow meters comprise a family of instruments for the measurement of the total mass flow rate of a fluid, primarily gases, flowing through closed conduits. A second type is the capillary-tube type of thermal mass flow meter. Many mass flow controllers (MFC) which combine a mass flow meter, electronics and a valve are based on this design.
Both types measure fluid mass flow rate by means of the heat convected from a heated surface to the flowing fluid. In the case of the thermal dispersion, or immersible, type of flow meter, the heat is transferred to the boundary layer of the fluid flowing over the heated surface. In the case of the capillary-tube type, the heat is transferred to the bulk of the fluid flowing through a small heated capillary tube. The principles of operation of the two types are both thermal in nature, but are so substantially different that two separate standards are required. Additionally, their applications are much different. Thermal dispersion flow meters are commonly used for general industrial gas flow applications in pipes and ducts, whereas capillary types are primarily used for smaller flows of clean gases or liquids in tubes. This type is most widely used for thermal mass flow meters in industry. Nevertheless, the capillary type is not the subject of this discussion. shunt resistor
Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters smd resistor
The operation of thermal dispersion mass flow meters is attributed to L.V. King who, in 1914, published his famous King Law revealing how a heated wire immersed in a fluid flow measures the mass velocity at a point in the flow. King called his instrument a ot-wire anemometer. However, it was not until the 1960 and 1970 that industrial-grade thermal dispersion mass flow meters finally emerged. tantalum chip capacitor
How Thermal Mass Flow Meters Work
Thermal mass flow meters are used almost entirely for gas flow applications. As the name implies, thermal mass flow meters use heat to measure flow. Thermal mass flow meters introduce heat into the flow stream and measure how much heat dissipates using one or more temperature sensors. This method works best with gas mass flow measurement. It is difficult to get a strong signal using thermal mass flow meters in liquids, due to considerations relating to heat absorption.
While all thermal flow meters use heat to make their flow measurements, there are two different methods for measuring how much heat is dissipated. One method is called the constant temperature differential. Thermal flow meters using this method have two temperature sensors a heated sensor and another sensor that measures the temperature of the gas. Mass flow rate is computed based on the amount of electrical power required to maintain a constant difference in temperature between the two temperature sensors.
A second, and less popular concept, is called a constant current method. Thermal mass flow meters using this method also have a heated sensor and another one that senses the temperature of the flow stream. The power to the heated sensor is kept constant. Mass flow is measured as a function of the difference between the temperature of the heated sensor and the temperature of the flow stream. Both methods are based on the principle that higher velocity flows result in a greater cooling effect. Both measure mass flow based on the measured effects of cooling in the flow stream.
Industrial Applications
The primary reason thermal mass flow meters are popular in industrial applications is the way they are designed and built. They feature no moving parts, nearly unobstructed straight through flow path, require no temperature or pressure corrections and retain accuracy over a wide range of flow rates. Straight pipe runs can be reduced by using duel-plate flow conditioning elements and installation is very simple with minimal pipe intrusions.
External links
3D Animation of the Thermal Mass Flow Controller Measuring Principle
3D Animation of the Immersible Thermal Mass Flow Measuring Principle
White Paper: "Comparison of Two Thermal Flow Meter Technologies"
Applett Showing Gas Conversions and Unit Conversions for over 100 gases relative to Nitrogen for Thermal Mass Flow Meters.
White Paper Air and Gas flow measurement using NTC thermistors
Interactive flow calculations and routines generating physical properties based on 800 fluids database.
Categories: Measuring instruments
Aztalan State Park
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Pre-history (9001300)
Aztalan was first settled around 900 by a Native American culture known as the Middle Mississippian Tradition. The most famous example of a Middle Mississippian settlement is at Cahokia, Illinois. These settlements are characterized by the construction of mounds, stockades, and houses, by decorated pottery and agricultural practices. There are also elements of the Woodland culture found here.
The residents were involved in long distance trade. Some of the items found include copper from Michigan's Upper Peninsula, shells from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and stone from other areas of the Midwest. screwpull corkscrew
Sometime between the years 1200 and 1300, the Aztalan settlement was abandoned for reasons that remain unknown to this day. cordless can opener
Life in Aztalan keychain bottle opener
Most of the residents dwelled in circular or rectangular houses between the river and the Eastern secondary wall. The placement of the structures suggests that the layout was planned, but not in rows such as are found along streets. Instead, it is thought that houses were constructed around a central plaza area that may have been used for rituals. Posts for the house frames were either placed in individual holes, or in a trench dug slightly narrower than the posts. Walls were then completed with wattle and daub, a plaster mixture of grass and clay, and the roof covered with bark or thatch. The doorway usually faced south to keep out the winter's north winds. Inside, a single family slept on pole frame beds, covered with tamarack boughs, deer skins, and furs. Sometimes a fire was kept in the middle of the house and a hole in the roof let out the smoke. Pits in the house stored foods like corn, nuts, and seeds in woven bags, while perishable foods like meat were probably stored outside prior to cooking. Pits outside were also used for garbage and community resources.
The site was well chosen to provide a variety of food sources, and other resources. The staple of the diet was corn or maize, and other plants were also gathered as food, such as acorns, hickory nuts, and berries. Tobacco was also grown at this time for rituals, as tobacco seeds have been found at this site. The main source of meat was deer, especially in the winter, and they also caught and ate beaver, elk, fox, muskrats, and raccoons. They also hunted birds, turtles, and mussels, and caught fish in the Crawfish River directly next to the site, where they had set up rock barriers called fish weirs at key points, one of which is still visible when the river is low. Some of the fish found have been catfish, bass, suckers, buffalo fish, pike, drum fish, and gar. Shell middens have been found where thousands of mussel shells were disposed, creating layers of shells several feet thick.
Raw materials for tools and building were available in the area, or could be obtained through trade from remote places. Trees nearby provided wood for posts for house walls and stockades, bows and arrow shafts, bowls and spoons, and firewood. Smaller tree branches and grass were used for bedding and roofs. Shells from the river could be used for jewelry, beads, spoons, and digging tools, and clay was dug for pottery. Ornamental and exotic objects, or objects made from foreign materials are commonly associated with status.
Physical features
A view of Aztalan State Park with one of the reconstructed stockades surrounding a mound in the background.
The most obvious features of Aztalan are its pyramid-shaped platform mounds and its stockade.
Mounds
There are three platform mounds on the site. The largest is the one in the southwest corner of the stockade; one almost as large is located in the northwest corner. The smallest of the three is along the east side of the settlement, near the Crawfish River (labeled "West Branch of Rock River" on the plates). The hill in the southeast corner is a natural gravel knoll, not built by the inhabitants.
The largest mound was built in three stages, with a set of steps leading to the top, where a structure was built over the entire flat top. The mound was covered with a clay cap, probably to enhance its appearance. Corn was stored in pits inside the structure, but there are several theories about why this corn was kept here, and the reason for the structure itself. This may have been the storage facility for the entire village; storage for food just for the top village officials; it may have been used for ceremonies and rituals; or it could have been a house for the village officials. This structure was rebuilt each time a larger stage of the mound was built on top of the old.
The northwestern mound was also built in three stages. A special structure, approximately 4 m by 2 m (12 ft by 5 ft), with its long axis towards the northeast/southwest, was built on the west side of the mound, with a doorway in its southwest corner, and covered with a mixture of clay, willow branches, and grass. The floor was covered with a mat of what may have been cattails, on which ten people were placed side by side, with their heads towards the doorway, and the bones of another person were bundled together with cord. Once this construction was complete, and the bodies were inside, the building was burned.
The eastern mound had a large open-walled structure, about 12 by 27 m (40 by 90 ft), built on top of it, with firepits lined with white sand inside. The function of this mound and structure remain unclear.
Additionally, to the northwest of the stockaded area, a row of round mounds extends northward. When archaeologists dug in these mounds during the 1920s, they did not find the burial sites they had expected. Instead, each mound had a large post set in a pit in its center, surrounded by gravel and soil, with the pit capped with clay and gravel to hold the post steady. These mounds have been termed "marker mounds" because they may have been used to mark the site for travelers, but this is not certain; they may also have been used for announcements, message relays, or for calculations of astronomical phenomena.
Stockade
The settlement was surrounded on the north, west, and south sides by a stockade, a wall of logs set into the ground vertically. These were made by digging narrow holes in the ground with digging sticks, then lifting the posts into position and setting them into the holes. The stockade was then finished by weaving flexible willow branches through the posts, and plastering the whole with a mixture of clay and grass to fill in the gaps, a technique similar to wattle and daub.
A smaller stockade was built within the outer one, around the housing areas, at some point. It is not clear whether both stockades existed simultaneously, for a layered defense, or one was built after the other fell into disuse.
The outer stockade was described by Lapham (v.i.) as being "631 feet (192 m) long at the north end, 1,149 feet (350 m) long on the west side and 700 feet (213 m) on the south side; making a total length of wall of 2,750 feet (838 m). The ridge or wall is about 22 feet (7 m)wide, and from one foot to five (30 cm1.5 m) in height." It had at least 33 square watchtowers at regular intervals along its length, remarkably similar in form and placement to European fortifications, in addition to some more along the secondary walls. Rather than having a gate to protect the entrance, though, the builders constructed the entrance in such a way that it was camouflaged when one looked at it from the outside, blending in with the wall around it.
During the time Aztalan was inhabited, two sets of outer stockades were built. The posts of the first one eventually rotted, and the second one burned and was never rebuilt. It is not clear whether the purpose of the stockade was to keep out invaders, or if the occupants built it for another reason.
Modern discovery (18351919)
In 1835, a young man named Timothy Johnson discovered the ruins of the ancient settlement, and in December of that year and January 1836, N. F. Hyer committed the first rough survey of the site, publishing the discovery in the Milwaukie Advertiser of January 1837. According to Lapham:
"The name Aztalan was given to this place by Mr. Hyer, because, according to Humboldt, the Aztecs, or ancient inhabitants of Mexico, had a tradition that their ancestors came from a country at the north, which they called Aztalan; and the possibility that these may have been remains of their occupancy, suggested the idea of restoring the name. It is made up of two Mexican words, atl, water, and an, near; and the country was probably so named from its proximity to large bodies of water. Hence the natural inference that the country about these great lakes was the ancient residence of the Aztecs."
Hyer wrote that "We are determined to preserve these ruins from being ruined." However, in 1838, President Martin Van Buren refused a request by Massachusetts statesman Edward Everett to withdraw the site from public sale, and the site was sold for $22. In the following years, the surface was plowed, the mounds were leveled for easier farming, pottery shards and "Aztalan brick" were hauled away by the wagonload to fill in potholes in township roads, and souvenir hunters took numerous artifacts.
In 1850, Increase A. Lapham, an author, scientist, and naturalist, surveyed the site, and urged its preservation. At the time, the stockade was still standing, though not in the condition it had once been.
State park foundation and reconstruction (1919resent)
Historic marker for Aztalan State Park
In 1919, archaeological excavations began at Aztalan, under the direction of Dr. S. A. Barrett. In 1920, the Landmarks Committee of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin under Publius V. Lawson started a new effort to save what remained of Aztalan, supported by the Friends of Our Native Landscape and the Wisconsin Archeological Society. They made their first purchase of some of the land in 1921, three acres (12,000 m2) west of the stockade with eight conical mounds, and presented it to the Wisconsin Archeological Society.
Work for preservation continued. In 1936, the state's archeological and historical societies petitioned the federal government for funds to reconstruct the stockade without success. In 1941, the newly-founded Lake Mills-Aztalan Historical Society began an energetic campaign to preserve the stockade area.
In 1945, the Wisconsin State Assembly passed a bill directing the State Planning Board to study the possibility of establishing a state park at Aztalan. In 1947, the Wisconsin State Legislature passed a resolution requesting the State Conservation Commission to purchase Aztalan. 120 acres (490,000 m2) were purchased to this end in 1948, and the Wisconsin Archeological Society and the Lake Mills-Aztalan Historical Society donated their holdings. Aztalan opened to the public as Aztalan State Park in 1952.
Aztalan was designated a registered National Historic Landmark in 1964 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
In 1968, portions of the stockade wall were reconstructed by placing new posts in the original holes. A section of this was also covered with the wattle and daub, but this has since worn away or been removed.
See also
List of Wisconsin state parks
List of Mississippian sites
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2008-04-15. http://www.nr.nps.gov/.
^ "Aztalan". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=24&ResourceType=Site. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
^ Lapham, Increase Allen. The antiquities of Wisconsin. Washington : Smithsonian Institution, 1855. p. 43.
^ Lapham, Increase Allen. The antiquities of Wisconsin. Washington : Smithsonian Institution, 1855. p. 42.
External links
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WI DNR Aztalan State Park site
The Antiquities of Wisconsin, Increase A. Lapham, 1855 University of Wisconsin Library
Chapter 3 Ancient Works in the Basin of the Rock River
Section 2 Ancient Works at and in the Vicinity of Aztalan
Plate 34 Ancient Works at Aztalan
Plate 35 Map Showing the Ancient Works at and near Aztalan
Birmingham, Robert A. and Lynne Goldstein. "Aztalan: Mysteries of an Ancient Indian Town," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 89, no. 3 (Spring 2006).
v d e
Mississippian and related cultures
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex List of Mississippian sites Mound builder (people) Timeline of Mississippi valley
Middle Mississippian
Aztalan State Park Angel Mounds Angel Phase Big Eddy Site Cahokia Cloverdale archaeological site Dickson Mounds Kincaid Mounds Kuhn Station Site Millstone Bluff Mitchell Site Monks Mound Mound Bottom Murphy Mound Archeological Site Sellars Indian Mound Steed-Kisker culture Sugarloaf Mound Towosahgy Wickliffe Mounds
South Appalachian Mississippian
Bottle Creek Indian Mounds Citico Dauphin Island Etowah Fort Walton Culture Fort Walton Mound Hickory Ridge Cemetery Hoojah Branch Site Jere Shine Site Lake Jackson Mounds Leon-Jefferson Culture Letchworth Mounds Moundville Muscogee (Creek) Nacoochee Mound Ocmulgee Roods Landing Town Creek Indian Mound Velda Mound Waddells Mill Pond Site
Plaquemine Mississippian
Anna Site Emerald Mound Site Grand Village of the Natchez Holly Bluff Site Jaketown Site Medora Site Winterville Site Natchez people
Caddoan Mississippian
Battle Mound Site Belcher Mound Site Bluffton Mound Caddoan Mounds Gahagan Mounds Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village Spiro Mounds
Upper Mississippian cultures
Alligator Effigy Mound Beattie Park Mound Group Blood Run Site Clover Site Fort Ancient culture Hartley Fort State Preserve Leo Petroglyph Oneota Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs Serpent Mound SunWatch Indian Village
Late Mississippian/Protohistoric
Anhaica Apalachee Province Belle Meade Phase Bussell Island Caborn-Welborn culture Campbell Site Chiaha Citico Coosa chiefdom Dallas Phase de Soto Expedition Eaker Site Hovey Lake-Klein Archeological Site Joara Lamar Phase Mabila Menard-Hodges Site Nodena Phase Parkin Site Pisgah Phase Slack Farm Tipton Phase Toqua (Tennessee) Walls Phase
Languages
Caddoan languages Central Algonquian languages Cherokee language Muskogean languages Natchez language Siouan languages Timucua language Tunica language Yuchi language
Related topics American Bottom Ballgame Black drink Calumet (pipe) Chevron bead Chunkey Earth/fertility cult Clarksdale bell Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Maize Mobilian Jargon Platform mound Thunderbird Underwater panther
v d e
Pre-Columbian North America
Archaeological cultures
North American pre-Columbian chronology Adena Alachua Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi) Baytown Belle Glade Caborn-Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glades Glacial Kame Hopewell (List of Hopewell sites) Hohokam Leon-Jefferson Mississippian (List of Mississippian sites) Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo-Arctic Paleo-Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Prehistoric Southwest Red Ocher Santa Rosa-Swift Creek St. Johns Steed-Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga
Famous monuments
Angel Mounds Bandelier National Monument The Bluff Point Stoneworks Cahokia Chaco Canyon Casa Grande Eaker Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Manitou Cliff Dwellings Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moorehead Circle Moundville Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Winterville
Miscellaneous
Ballgame Black drink Buhl woman Calumet Chunkey Clovis point Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kennewick man Kiva Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Medicine wheel Mound builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Piasa Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Underwater panther
Related: Indigenous Genetics Indigenous Portal of North America Pre-Columbian era
v d e
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property
List of entries
National Park Service National Historic Landmarks National Battlefields National Historic Sites National Historical Parks National Memorials National Monuments
v d e
Protected Areas of Wisconsin
Federal
National Park Service
Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway
National Forests
Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest
National Wildlife Refuges
Driftless Area Fox River Gravel Island Green Bay Horicon Marsh Necedah Trempealeau Upper Mississippi River Whittlesey Creek
State
State Parks
Amnicon Falls Aztalan Belmont Mound Big Bay Big Foot Beach Blue Mound Brunet Island Buckhorn Capital Springs Copper Culture Copper Falls Council Grounds Devil's Lake Governor Dodge Governor Nelson Governor Thompson Harrington Beach Hartman Creek Heritage Hill High Cliff Interstate Kinnickinnic Kohler-Andrae Lake Kegonsa Lake Wissota Lakeshore Merrick Mill Bluff Mirror Lake Natural Bridge Nelson Dewey New Glarus Woods Newport Pattison Peninsula Perrot Potawatomi Rib Mountain Roche-a-Cri Rock Island Rocky Arbor Straight Lake Tower Hill Whitefish Dunes Wildcat Mountain Willow River Wyalusing Yellowstone Lake
State Recreation
Areas
Browntown-Cadiz Springs Chippewa Moraine Fischer Creek Hoffman Hills Richard Bong
State Forests
Black River Brule River Coulee Experimental Flambeau River Governor Knowles Havenwoods Kettle Moraine - Lapham Peak Unit Kettle Moraine - Loew Lake Unit Kettle Moraine - Northern & Southern Units Kettle Moraine - Pike Lake Unit Northern Highland-American Legion Peshtigo River Point Beach
Other
Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area Mead Wildlife Area Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Categories: Middle Mississippian culture | Archaeological sites in Wisconsin | National Historic Landmarks in Wisconsin | Wisconsin state parks | Jefferson County, Wisconsin | Protected areas established in 1947Hidden categories: Spoken articles
Local Interconnect Network
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Network topology
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) multilayer pcbs
LIN is a broadcast serial network comprising one master and many (up to 16) slaves. No collision detection exists, therefore all messages are initiated by the master with at most one slave replying for a given message identifier. multilayer pcb design
The master is typically a moderately powerful microcontroller, whereas the slaves can be less powerful, cheaper microcontrollers or dedicated ASICs. emf protection
Current uses of LIN combine several such networks usually with 16 nodes all linked to a CAN upper layer network via their respective masters.
Overview
The LIN bus is an inexpensive serial communications protocol, which effectively supports remote application within a car network. It is particularly intended for mechatronic nodes in distributed automotive applications, but is equally suited to industrial applications. It is intended to complement the existing CAN network leading to hierarchical networks within cars.
In the late 1990s the Local Interconnect Network (LIN) Consortium was founded by five European automakers, Volcano Automotive Group and Freescale. The first fully implemented version of the new LIN specification was published in November 2002 as LIN version 1.3. In September 2003 version 2.0 was introduced to expand configuration capabilities and make provisions for significant additional diagnostics features and tool interfaces
The protocol main features are listed below:
Single master, up to 16 slaves (i.e. no bus arbitration).
Slave Node Position Detection SNPD allows node address assignment after power-up
Single wire communications up to 19,2 kbit/s @ 40 meter bus length.
Guaranteed latency times.
Variable length of data frame (2, 4 and 8 byte).
Configuration flexibility.
Multi-cast reception with time synchronization, without crystals or ceramic resonators.
Data checksum and error detection.
Detection of defect nodes.
Low cost silicon implementation based on standard UART/SCI hardware.
Enabler for hierarchical networks.
Operating Voltage of 12 V.
Data is transferred across the bus in fixed form messages of selectable lengths. The master task transmits a header that consists of a break signal followed by synchronization and identifier fields. The slaves respond with a data frame that consists of between 2, 4 and 8 data bytes plus 3 bytes of control information.
LIN Message frame
A message contains the following fields:
Synchronization break,
Synchronization byte,
Identifier byte,
Data bytes,
Checksum byte.
Frame Types:
1- Unconditional Frame:
Unconditional frames always carry signals and their identifiers are in the range 0 to 59 (0x00 to 0x3b). All subscribers of the unconditional frame shall receive the frame and make it available to the application (assuming no errors were detected).
2- Event triggered Frame
The purpose of an event triggered frame is to increase the responsibility of the LIN cluster without assigning too much of the bus bandwidth to the polling of multiple slave nodes with seldom occurring events. The first data byte of the carried unconditional frame shall be equal to its protected identifier. The publisher of an associated unconditional frame shall only provide the carried by its frame is updated. If none of the slave tasks responds to the header the rest of the frame slot is silent and the header is ignored. If more than one slave task responds to the header in the same frame slot a collision will occur, the master has to resolve the collision by requesting all associated unconditional frames before requesting the event triggered frame again.
3- Sporadic Frame
The header of a sporadic frame shall only be sent in its associated frame slot when the master task knows that a signal carried in the frame has been updated. The publisher of the sporadic frame shall always provide the response to the header.
4- Diagnostic Frame
Diagnostic frame always carry diagnostic or configuration data and they always contain eight data bytes. The identifier is either 60 (0x3C) ,called master request frame, or 61(0x3D),called slave response frame. Before generating the header of a diagnostic frame, the master task requires its diagnostic module if it shall be sent or if the bus shall be silent. The slave tasks publish and subscribe to the response according to the response according to their diagnostic module.
5- User-Defined Frame
User-Defined frames carry any kind of information. Their identifier is 62 (0x3E). The header of a user -defined frame is always transmitted when a frame slot allocated to the frame is processed
6- Reserved Frame
Reserved frames shall not be used in a LIN 2.0 cluster. Their identifier is 63 (0x3F).
LIN hardware
The LIN specification was designed to allow very cheap hardware-nodes being used within a network. It is a low-cost, single-wire network based on ISO 9141. In today car networking topologies, either microcontrollers with UART capability or dedicated LIN hardware are used. The microcontroller generates all needed LIN data (protocol ...) (partly) by Software and is connected to the LIN network via a LIN transceiver (simply speaking a level shifter with some add-ons). Working as a LIN node is only part of the possible functionality. The LIN hardware may include this transceiver and works as a pure LIN node without added functionality.
As LIN Slave nodes should be as cheap as possible, they may generate their internal clock by a RC oscillator combination instead of a crystal oscillator (quartz or a ceramic). To ensure the baudrate-stability within one LIN frame, the SYNC field within the header is used.
LIN protocol
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)
The LIN-Master uses one or more predefined scheduling tables to start the sending and receiving to the LIN bus. These scheduling tables contains at least the relative timing, where the message sending is initiated. One LIN Frame consists of the two parts header and response. The header is always sent by the LIN Master, while the response is sent by only one dedicated LIN-Slave.
Transmitted data within the LIN is transmitted serially as eight bit data bytes with one start & stop-bit and no parity. Bit rates vary within the range of 1 kbit/s to 20 kbit/s. Data on the bus is divided into recessive (logical HIGH) and dominant (logical LOW). The time normal is considered by the LIN Masters stable clock source, the smallest entity is one bit time (52 s @ 19.2 kbit/s).
Two bus states Sleep-mode and active are used within the LIN protocol. While data is on the bus, all LIN-nodes are requested to be in active state. After a specified timeout, the nodes enter Sleep mode and will be released back to active state by a WAKEUP frame. This frame may be sent by any node requesting activity on the bus, either the LIN Master following its internal schedule, or one of the attached LIN Slaves being activated by its internal software application. After all nodes are awakened, the Master continues to schedule the next Identifier.
Header
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The header consists of three parts:
BREAK: The BREAK field is used to activate all attached LIN slaves to listen to the following parts of the header. It consists of one start bit and several dominant bits. The length is at least 11 bit times; standard use as of today are 13 bit times, and therefore differs from the basic data format. This is used to ensure that listening LIN nodes with a main-clock differing from the set bus baud rate in specified ranges will detect the BREAK as the frame starting the communication and not as a standard data byte with all values zero (hexadecimal 0x00).
SYNC: The SYNC is a standard data format byte with a value of hexadecimal 0x55. LIN slaves running on RC oscillator will use the distance between a fixed amount of rising and falling edges to measure the current bit time on the bus (the master's time normal) and to recalculate the internal baud rate.
IDENTIFIER: The IDENTIFIER defines one action to be fulfilled by one or several of the attached LIN slave nodes. The network designer has to ensure the fault-free functionality in the design phase (one slave is allowed to send data to the bus in one frame time).
If the identifier causes one physical LIN slave to send the response, the identifier may be called a Rx-identifier. If the master's slave task sends data to the bus, it may be called Tx-identifier.
Response
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The response is sent by one of the attached LIN slave tasks and is divided into data and checksum.
DATA: The responding slave may send zero to eight data bytes to the bus. The amount of data is fixed by the application designer and mirrors data relevant for the application which the LIN slave runs in.
CHECKSUM: There are two checksum-models available within LIN - The first is the checksum including the data bytes only (specification up to Version 1.3), the second one includes the identifier in addition (Version 2.0+). The used checksum model is pre-defined by the application designer.
Slave Node Position Detection (SNPD) ie autoaddressing
These methods allow the detection of the position of slave nodes on the LIN bus and allow the assignment of a unique node address.
Allows similar or the same devices to be connected on the bus without end of line programming or connector pin programming.
Restrictions:
All auto-addressing slaves must be in one line
Standard slaves can be connected in any way
SNPD Method
SNPD Method ID
Company
Extra Wire Daisy Chain
0x01
NXP formerly Phillips
Bus Shunt Method
0x02
Elmos
Reserved
0x03
TBD
Reserved
...
TBD
Reserved
0xFF
TBD
Extra Wire Daisy Chain (XWDC)
Each slave node has to provide two extra pins, one input D1 and one output D2.
The first SNPD node input D1 is either set to gnd or connected to the output of the master.
The output of the first node D2 is connected to the input D1 of the second node, and so on resulting in a daisy chain.
Each configuration pin Dx (x=1-2) has additional circuitry to aid in the position detection.
Switchable resistive pull-up to vbat
Pull-down to gnd
Comparator referenced to vbat/2
XWDC Auto-addressing Procedure
At the start of the procedure no SNPD devices have a NAD assigned
1 First auto-addressing LIN mesasge
1.1 All outputs (D2) are set to a high level, all pull-downs are turned off
1.2 The first SNPD node is selected. It is identified by having the input D1 low (hardwired).
1.3 The selected node takes the address from the LIN configuration message
1.4 The detected node turns on the pull-down at the output D2
2 Subsequent auto-addressing LIN messages
2.1 The first non addressed SNPD node is selected. It is identified by having the input D1 low (D2 of previous node).
2.2 The selected node takes the address from the LIN configuration message
2.3 The detected node turns on the pull-down at the output D2
2.4 Steps 2.1-2.4 are repeated until all slave nodes are assigned an address
3 All pull-ups and pull-downs are turned off completing the addressing procedure
Bus Shunt Method (BSM)
Each slave node has two LIN pins
bus_in
bus_out
Each slave node needs some additional circuitry compared to the standard LIN circuitry to aid in the position detection.
The standard pull-up must be switchable
Switchable 2mA current source from VBAT
Shunt resistor
Differential amplifier
Analog to digital converter
BSM Auto-addressing Procedure
At the start of the procedure no SNPD devices have a NAD assigned
The autoaddressing routine is performed during the sync field
The sync field is broken into three phases
1 Offset current measurement
1.1 All outputs pull-ups and current sources are switched off
1.2 The bus current is measured Ioffset
2 Pull-up Mode
2.1 Pull-ups are turned on and current sources remain off
2.2 The bus current is measured IPU
2.3 Nodes with I = IPU-Ioffset < 1mA are "selected"
3 Current Source Mode
3.1 Selected nodes switch current source on and others switch pull-ups off
3.2 Bus current is measured ICS
3.3 Node with I = ICS-Ioffset < 1mA is detected as the last node
3.4 Current sources are switched off and pull-ups are switched on
3.5 The last node will accept the address contained in the LIN configuration message
This technique is covered by the following patents:
EP 1490772 B1
US 7091876
LIN advantages
Easy to use
Components available
Cheaper than CAN and other communications buses
Harness reduction
More reliable vehicles
Extension easy to implement.
No protocol license fee required
LIN is not a full replacement of the CAN bus. But the LIN bus is a good alternative wherever costs are essential and speed/bandwidth is not essential.
Applications
Application Segments Specific LIN Application Examples
Roof Sensor, light sensor, light control, sun roof
Steering Wheel Cruise control, wiper, turning light, climate control, radio
Seat Seat position motors, occupant sensors, control panel
Engine Sensors, small motors
Climate Small motors, control panel
Door Mirror, central ECU, mirror switch, window lift, seat control switch, door lock
LIN API
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)
The LIN API (Application Programmers Interface) provides a given set of function calls ('base is the programming-language C') which have to be implemented within each LIN software driver. Using this pre-defined set of driver routines, all LIN functions may be accessed.
The usage of API-compliant functions eases the implementation of standard software drivers. Also the testing is sped up.
See also
List of network buses
References
^ a b c "Clemson Vehicular Electronics Laboratory: AUTOMOTIVE BUSES". http://www.cvel.clemson.edu/auto/auto_buses01.html. 090114 cvel.clemson.edu
^ LIN Node Configuration and Identification Specification Rev 2.1
^ "LIN Bus Description, Automotive Bus, Local Interconnect Network". http://www.interfacebus.com/Design_Connector_LIN_Bus.html. 090114 interfacebus.com
^ LIN Technical Overview
External links
LIN Consortium
CAN/LIN Training
Brief CAN/LIN Background Information (Chinese)
v d e
Computer bus & interconnection standards (wired)
Main articles
Front-side bus Back-side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Electrical bus
List of bus bandwidths
Computer bus standards (desktop)
S-100 bus MBus SMBus Q-Bus ISA Zorro II Zorro III CAMAC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB PCI PXI HP GSC bus CoreConnect InfiniBand UPA PCI-X AGP PCI Express Intel QuickPath Interconnect HyperTransport more...
Computer bus standards (portable)
PC Card ExpressCard
Storage bus standards
ST-506 ESDI SMD Parallel ATA DMA SSA HIPPI USB MSC FireWire (1394) Serial ATA eSATA SCSI Parallel SCSI Serial Attached SCSI Fibre Channel iSCSI
Peripheral bus standards
Multidrop bus Apple Desktop Bus HIL MIDI Multibus RS-232 (serial port) DMX512-A EIA/RS-422 IEEE-1284 (parallel port) UNI/O 1-Wire IC SPI EIA/RS-485 Parallel SCSI USB FireWire (1394) Fibre Channel Camera Link External PCI Express x16 Light Peak
Vehicle buses
LIN J1708 J1587 FMS J1939 CAN VAN FlexRay MOST
Note: interfaces are listed in speed ascending order (roughly), the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest
Categories: Serial busesHidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing context from March 2009 | All Wikipedia articles needing context | Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2009 | Articles needing additional references from April 2008 | All articles needing additional references
Semi Precious Weapons
China Suppliers
Notoriety
In January 2008 they caused a stir in the United Kingdom after Kate Moss attended their concert at London's Death Disco club and danced with 'six foot bisexual' singer Justin Tranter. Vogue described the band as "unashamedly crass and deliciously animated".
Other activities hydraulic scissor
Frontman Justin Tranter has a jewelry line called "Fetty" that sells at Barneys COOP and Barneys NY. The designs include weapons, hearts, and diamond braille. plasma cutting cnc
Justin Tranter was also a coach on the MTV show MADE, where he helped a shy sixteen-year-old become a bassist in her own band. slitting machine
Semi Precious Weapons took part in their largest video shoot to date, on January 11, 2009, while in Dallas for their 2009 tour for Rock n Roll Never Looked So Beautiful. Shot on the rooftop of the South Side on Lamar, it was the first time fans got to participate in the band's videos.
Discography
The Precious EP
1. Semi-Precious-Weapons
2. Classic Case
3. Surgery
4. Crack Open Your Gorgeous Face
5. Too Pretty to Be a Cowboy
The Magnetic EP
1. Magnetic Baby
2. Rock & Roll Never Looked So Beautiful
3. Jesus
4. Dirty Lady
5. Snap-A-Shot
6. The Other Side
We Love You
1. Taste
2. Magnetic Baby
3. Semi Precious Weapons
4. Bleed To Heal
5. Genius
6. Her Hair Is on Fire
7. That's Kunt
8. Jesus
9. Time Zones
10. Rock n Roll Never Looked So Beautiful
Semi Precious Weapons EP
1. Semi Precious Weapons
2. Magnetic Baby
3. Put A Diamond In It
References
^ Poet, J.. "StyleHive Semi Precious Weapons - Biography". http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:fxfqxq8sldde~T1. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
^ http://www.musicspace.com/product.aspx?productcode=MS3001
^ "Monster Ball Gets". www.perezhilton.com. http://perezhilton.com/2009-10-28-get-to-know-them. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
^ HARMSWORTH, ANDREI (2008-01-25). "Moss boogies with 6ft bisexual". Metro (London). http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/article.html?in_article_id=85656&in_page_id=7. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
^ Alstin, Clare (2008-01-25). "KATE LOVES". Daily News (Vogue (UK)). http://www.vogue.co.uk/vogue_daily/story/story.asp?stid=50111. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
External links
semipreciousweapons.com - Official site
Semi Precious Weapons at MySpace
Interviews
Semi Precious Weapons rock with risk and rhinestones
Video
PUNKCAST#1102 live @ Rebel NYC - January 27, 2007
v d e
Categories: United States rock musical group stubs | Glam rock groups | Musical groups from New York | LGBT musical groups
Japanese garden
China Suppliers
Typical features
A catalogue of features "typical" of the Japanese garden may be drawn up without inquiring deeply into the aesthetic underlying Japanese practice. Typical Japanese gardens have at their center a home from which the garden is viewed. In addition to residential architecture, depending on the archetype, Japanese gardens often contain several of these elements:
Water, real or symbolic. burton down jacket
Rocks or stone arrangements (or settings). boiled wool jacket
A lantern, typically of stone. fleece hooded jacket
A teahouse or pavilion.
An enclosure device such as a hedge, fence, or wall of traditional character.
A bridge to the island, or stepping stones.
Styles
Traditional Styles:
Karesansui Gardens
Karesansui Gardens () or "dry landscape gardens were influenced mainly by Zen Buddhism and can be found at Zen temples of meditation (Japan Guide). Unlike other traditional gardens, there is no water present in Karesansui gardens. However, there is raked gravel or sand that simulates the feeling of water. The rocks/gravel used are chosen for their artistic shapes, and mosses as well as small shrubs are used to further garnish the Karesansui style (Japanese Lifestyle). All in all, the rocks and moss are used to represent ponds, islands, boats, seas, rivers, and mountains in an abstract way (Japan Guide). - Example: Ryan-ji, temple in Kyoto, has a garden famous for representing this style. Daisen-in, created in 1513, is also particularly renowned.
Tsukiyama Gardens
Tsukiyama Gardens often copy famous landscapes from China or Japan, and they commonly strive to make a smaller garden appear more spacious (Japan Guide). This is accomplished by utilizing shrubs to block views of surrounding buildings, and the garden's structure usually tries to make onlookers focus on nearby mountains in the distance (Japanese Lifestyle). By doing this, it seems that the garden has the mountains as part of its grounds. Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees, flowers, bridges, and paths are also used frequently in this style (Japan Guide).
Chaniwa Gardens
Chaniwa Gardens are built for holding tea ceremonies. There is usually a tea house where the ceremonies occur, and the styles of both the hut and garden are based on the simple concepts of the sado (Japan Guide). Usually, there are stepping stones leading to the tea house, stone lanterns, and stone basins (tsukubai) where guests purify themselves before a ceremony(Japan Guide).
Japanese gardens might also fall into one of these styles:
Kanshoh-style gardens which are viewed from a residence.
Pond gardens, for viewing from a boat.
Strolling gardens (kaiy-shiki), for viewing a sequence of effects from a path which circumnavigates the garden. The 17th-century Katsura garden in Kyoto is a famous exemplar.
Other gardens also use similar rocks for decoration, some of which come from distant parts of Japan. In addition, bamboos and related plants, evergreens including Japanese black pine, and such deciduous trees as maples grow above a carpet of ferns and mosses.
The use of stones, water, and plantings
Though often thought of as tranquil sanctuaries that allow individuals to escape from the stresses of daily life, Japanese gardens are designed for a variety of purposes. Some gardens invite quiet contemplation, but may have also been intended for recreation, the display of rare plant specimens, or the exhibition of unusual rocks.
Kaiyu-shiki or Strolling Gardens require the observer to walk through the garden to fully appreciate it. A premeditated path takes observers through each unique area of a Japanese garden. Uneven surfaces are placed in specific spaces to prompt people to look down at particular points. When the observer looks up, they will see an eye-catching ornamentation which is intended to enlighten and revive the spirit of the observer. This type of design is known as the Japanese landscape principle of "hide and reveal".
Stones are used to construct the garden's paths, bridges, and walkways. Stones can also represent a geological presence where actual mountains are not viewable or present. They are sometimes placed in odd numbers and a majority of the groupings reflect triangular shapes, which often are the mountains of China.
A water source in a Japanese garden should appear to be part of the natural surroundings; this is why one will not find fountains in traditional gardens. Man-made streams are built with curves and irregularities to create a serene and natural appearance. Lanterns are often placed beside some of the most prominent water basins (either a pond or a stream) in a garden. In some gardens one will find a dry pond or stream. Dry ponds and streams have as much impact as do the ones filled with water.
Green plants are another element of Japanese gardens. Japanese traditions prefer subtle green tones, but flowering trees and shrubs are also used. Many plants in imitated Japanese gardens of the West are indigenous to Japan, though some sacrifices must be made to account for the differentiating climates. Some plants, such as sugar maple and firebush, give the garden a broader palette of seasonal color.
Overview of Japanese Garden History
During the Asuka period (538-710), gardens were supposed to express Buddhism and Taoism through replicating the mountainous regions in China (Japanese Lifestyle). Ruins of these types of gardens can be found in Fujiwara and Heijyo castle towns (Japanese Lifestyle).
During the Heian period (794-1185), gardens shifted from solely representing religious beliefs to becoming, "a place for ceremonies, amusement, and contemplation" (Miller). Gardens began to surround mansions that had the shinden-zukuri style (Japanese Lifestyle). In this style, the garden was located at the front of a building, also known as the south side (Japanese Lifestyle). As part of the garden style, there was water flowing through artificial passages that eventually spilled into ponds with little islands in them (Japanese Lifestyle). Very few of these gardens have survived to this day, and thus, are certainly a rarity in modern history. Despite the lack of modern day examples, we have the book of Sakuteiki that describes how people of this era formulated this garden style movement (Japanese Lifestyle). Later in this period, pure-land-style gardens became popular through the Pure Land Buddhism influence, and these gardens imitated the Paradise in the Western Pureland as a result (Japanese Lifestyle). During this shift in style, the Japanese also began to model their gardens and homes after the Amitabha hall style instead of the shinden style (Japanese Lifestyle). Examples of the Amitabha style can be seen today in Mahayana Hall (Nara), Byodoin (Uji, Kyoto), the Jyoruri Temple, and Motsuji Temple (Hiraizumi, Nishi, Iwai, Iwate) (Japanese Lifestyle).
In the Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1185-1573), a great many gardens were created during these two time periods due to improved garden techniques and the development of Syoinzukuri style (Japanese Lifestyle). Zen beliefs were also flourishing at this time and had great influences over garden techniques and purposes. Another factor that allowed gardens to flourish stems from the fact that the shoguns simply enjoyed gardens. Dry landscape style also emerged during this time (Japanese Lifestyle). A notable gardener who appeared during these periods is Soseki Muso: He made Saihoji Temple (Kyoto), Tenruji Temple (Kyoto), and Zuizenji Temple (Kamakura) gardens. (Japanese Lifestyle)
Keiunkan Garden, created by Jihe Ogawa
After the Muromachi Period, Japanese tea ceremonies became an intricate part of Japanese culture (Japanese Lifestyle). Sen no Rikyu (1517-1591) created the traditional style of a tea house where there was usually a roji (ewy path) leading to the house (Japanese Lifestyle). Besides the tea houses, gardens constructed in the Edo period (1603-1868) reflected the tastes and style of each individual shogun ruler. Instead of being a religious symbol, gardens shifted to being a symbol of a shogun prestige and power (Miller). These tea house styled houses and gardens can be seen in Kenrokuen (Kanazawa), Kraku-en (Okayama), Ritsurin Park (Takamsatsu), Koishikawa Korakuen (Tokyo), and Suizenji Park (Kumamoto) (Japanese Lifestyle).
In the Meiji period following the modernization of Japan, famous traditional gardens were owned by businessmen and politicians. Some of these extensive gardens are open to public viewing in Murinan (Kyoto) and Chinzanso (Tokyo) (Japanese Lifestyle). Famous gardeners of this period include 7th generation Jihe Ogawa, known as Ueji, and innovative dry landscape garden designer Mirei Shigemori. (Japanese Lifestyle)
Cultural Aspects of Japanese Gardens
Poetry
Many poems were inspired and written about the different Japanese Gardens. An example of the poems written includes:
Chiimei haiku about a tea ceremony hut and garden: laid a foundation and roughly thatched roof. I fastened hinges to the joints of the beams, the easier to move elsewhere should anything displease me. . . . Since first I hid my traces here in the heart of Mount Hino, I have added a lean-to on the south and a porch of bamboo. On the west I have built a shelf for holy water, and inside the hut, along the west wall, I have installed an image of Amida. . . . Above the sliding door that faces north I have built a little shelf on which I keep three or four black leather baskets that contain books of poetry and music and extracts from the sacred writings. Beside them stand a folding iioto and a lute. Along the east wall I have spread long fern fronds and mats of straw, which serve as my bed for the night. I have cut open a window in the eastern wall, and beneath it have made a desk. Near my pillow is a square brazier in which I burn brushwood. To the north of the hut I have staked out a small plot of land that I have enclosed with a rough fence and made into a garden. I grow many species of herbs there. (Varley pg. 93)
Literature
The Tale of Genji describes the hinden-zukun style garden of the Heian Period.
During the Heian Period the akuteiki was written- the first book to discuss allotment of land, stone arrangements, artificial waterfalls, water passages, and planting.
Tea Ceremonies
After the tea ceremony was refined by Sen Rikyu, the tea garden, house, and utensils all served as a way to waken consciousness and to realize with humility our relationship with all that is around us and with the universe itself(Miller). Also, tea ceremonies were partly designed to teach participants how to gain absolute control over body and mind (Kato p. 27). As a result, "it emphasizes not disconnection but connection between body movement and mind (Kato p. 27)." Culturally, the Japanese followed the five Confucian virtues (loyalty, righteousness, politeness, wisdom, and trust) to ground these tea ceremony ideals off of (Kato p. 27). In short, the tea ceremonies were a cultural activity to teach Japanese/Confucian virtues that were important for life.
Noteworthy Japanese gardens
In Japan
Kraku-en, Okayama.
(Kaiy-siki Garden, completed in 17th century)
Adachi Museum of Art, Yasugi.
(Kansh-shiki Garden, completed in 20th century)
A spacious Japanese garden, Suizenji Joju-en, near Kumamoto Castle
The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the government of Japan designates the most notable of the nation's scenic beauty as Special Places of Scenic Beauty, under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. As of March 1, 2007, 29 sites are listed, more than a half of which are Japanese gardens, as below;
Boldface entries specify World Heritage Sites.
Tohoku Region
Mts-ji Garden (Hiraizumi, Iwate)
Kant region
Kairaku-en (Mito, Ibaraki)
Rikugi-en (Bunkyo, Tokyo)
Kyu Hamarikyu Gardens (Ch, Tokyo)
Chbu region
Kenroku-en (Kanazawa, Ishikawa)
Kansai Region
Byodo-In Garden (Uji, Kyoto)
Jisho-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
Nij Castle Ninomaru Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
Rokuon-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
Ryan-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
Tenryu-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
The garden of Sanbin in Daigo-ji (Kyoto, Kyoto)
The moss garden of Saih-ji (the "Moss Temple") (Kyoto, Kyoto)
Daitoku-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)
The garden of Daisen-in in Daitoku-ji (Kyoto, Kyoto)
Isuien Garden (Nara, Nara)
Negoro-ji Garden (Iwade, Wakayama)
Chgoku region
Adachi Museum of Art Garden (Yasugi, Shimane)
Kraku-en (Okayama, Okayama)
Matsue Vogel Park (Matsue)
Shuraku-en, (Tsuyama)
Shikoku Region
Ritsurin Park (Takamatsu, Kagawa)
Kyushu Region
Suizenji Joju-en (Kumamoto, Kumamoto)
Ryky Islands
Shikina-en (Naha, Okinawa)
However, the Education Minister is not eligible to have jurisdiction over any imperial property. These two gardens, administered by Imperial Household Agency, are also considered to be great masterpieces.
Katsura Imperial Villa
Shugaku-in Imperial Villa
In the English-speaking world
The aesthetic of Japanese gardens was introduced to the English-speaking community by Josiah Conder's Landscape Gardening in Japan (Kelly & Walsh, 1893). It sparked the first Japanese gardens in the West. A second edition was required in 1912. Conder's principles have sometimes proved hard to follow:
"Robbed of its local garb and mannerisms, the Japanese method reveals aesthetic principles applicable to the gardens of any country, teaching, as it does, how to convert into a poem or picture a composition, which, with all its variety of detail, otherwise lacks unity and intent"
Samuel Newsom's Japanese Garden Construction (1939) offered Japanese aesthetic as a corrective in the construction of rock gardens, which owed their quite separate origins in the West to the mid-19th century desire to grow alpines in an approximation of Alpine scree.
Australia
Canberra Nara park in Lennox Gardens, Canberra
Canberra Nara Park
Cowra Japanese Garden, Cowra, New South Wales
Frankston High School
Himeji Gardens, Adelaide
Melbourne Zoo
"Tsuki-yama-chisen" Japanese Garden, Brisbane
Nerima Gardens, Ipswich
Toowomba Japanese Garden, Ju Raku En, Queensland
Canada
Japanese Garden in the Devonian Botanic Garden Edmonton, Alberta
Nitobe Memorial Garden, Vancouver, British Columbia
The Devonian Botanical Garden, Edmonton, Alberta, which contains an extensive Japanese garden
Nikka Yuko Garden, Lethbridge, Alberta
The Japanese Garden and Pavilion, Montreal Botanical Garden, Quebec
Kariya Park, Mississauga, Ontario
United Kingdom
England
Ame (rain) Japanese style private garden near Bolton in Lancashire England - an on-going project
Compton Acres, Dorset
Dartington Hall, Devon
Harewood House, Leeds
Holland Park, London
Japanese Garden and nursery, St Mawgan in Pydar, Cornwall
Tatton Park, Cheshire
School of Oriental and African Studies, London
Northern Ireland
Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park, Belfast
Fujiyama Japanese Garden
Scotland
Lauriston Castle, Edinburgharden opened 2002
Ireland
The Japanese Gardens at the Irish National Stud, Kildare, Co. Kildare
Fujiyama Japanese Garden (Northern Ireland)
Singapore
Japanese Garden - an garden island located in Jurong Lake
United States of America
Anderson Japanese Gardens (Rockford, Illinois)
Brooklyn Botanic Garden (Brooklyn, New York)
Chicago Botanic Garden (Glencoe, Illinois)
Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden (California State University, Long Beach)
Fort Worth Japanese Garden at the Fort Worth Botanic Garden (Fort Worth, Texas)
Hagiwara Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco, California)
Hakone Gardens (Saratoga, California)
Hayward Japanese Gardens (Hayward, California)
The Huntington (San Marino, California)
Kubota Garden in Seattle features these contrasting bridge types -- both illustrative of a Japanese garden themes.
Japanese Friendship Garden (Phoenix, Arizona)
Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park) (San Jose, California)
Japanese Garden at Marjorie McNeely Conservatory (St Paul, Minnesota)
Japanese garden at Minnesota Landscape Arboretum (near Chanhassen, Minnesota)
Kumamoto En (San Antonio, Texas)
Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens, Delray Beach, Florida
Normandale Japanese Garden (Bloomington, Minnesota)
Portland Japanese Garden (Portland, Oregon)
Seattle Japanese Garden at the Washington Park Arboretum, Kubota Garden (Seattle, Washington)
The Japanese Garden (Los Angeles, California)
Seiwa-en at the Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis, Missouri)
Taniguchi Japanese Garden (Austin, Texas)
Yuko-En on the Elkhorn (Georgetown, Kentucky)
Shigematsu Memorial Japanese Garden at Lansing Community College, Lansing, Michigan
In other countries
The Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens.
Argentina: The Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens (Jardn Japons de Buenos Aires), of the Fundacin Cultural Argentino Japonesa
Belgium: Japanse tuin (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanse_Tuin_(Hasselt) ), Hasselt
Brazil
Parque Santos Dummont, So Jos dos Campos, So Paulo
Bosque Municipal Fbio Barreto, Ribeiro Preto, So Paulo
France: Jardin japonais du Muse dpartemental Albert-Kahn, Boulogne-Billancourt
The Netherlands:
The Japanse Tuin of Clingendael park
The Tsubo-en karesansui garden in Lelystad is a private Modern Japanese Zen (karesansui, dry rock) garden in The Netherlands. All details including the realization are documented on the website www.zen-garden.org
All seasons close-up of the Tsubo-en (Netherlands) O-karikomi, hako-zukuri topiary.
Poland: The Japanese Garden in Wrocaw - founded 1913, restored 1996-1997, destroyed by flood, restored 1999
Russia: The Japanese Garden in Moscow founded 1983, opened 1987 (landscape architect Ken Nakajima).
Sweden: Japanska Trdgrden in Ronneby Brunnspark, Blekinge.
See also
Japanese rock garden
Koi
Niwaki
Shishi odoshi
Tr
Japanese Friendship Garden
Tea garden
References
^ Encyclopdia Britannica. Garden and landscape design: Japanese. Accessed: 7 Mar. 2008.
^ The Illustrations, nevertheless, are translated and annotated in David A. Slawson, Secret Teachings in the Art of Japanese Gardens (New York/Tokyo: Kodansha 1987), which forms in effect an introduction to the text.
^ MEXT : Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
^ JNTO Website | Find a Location | Kyoto | Katsura
^ JNTO Website | Find a Location | Kyoto | Shugaku-in Imperial Villa
^ Slawson 1987:15 and note2.
^ Conder quoted in Slawson 1987:15.
^ "Japanese Gardens in the UK and Ireland Compton Acres". http://japan-interface.co.uk/gardens/details.php?garID=47. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
^ a b c d e f "UK and Ireland Survey". Japanese Garden Journal 35. September/October 2003. http://www.rothteien.com/topics/uk-survey.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
Slawson, David A. Secret Teachings in the Art of Japanese Gardens (New York/Tokyo: Kodansha 1987)
Yagi, Koji A Japanese Touch for Your Home (Kodansha 1982)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Japanese gardens
Ame (rain) Japanese style private garden near Bolton in Lancashire England - an on-going project
Japanese Garden Design Plans
Jgarden Japanese Garden Database
Japanesegardening.org Japanese Gardening information
Meditations on the Japanese Garden
Japanese Garden at Fairfeild University
Paradise - The Gardens of Tokyo : a portfolio of photographs by Tim Porter
About Japanese gardens: Pictures and links
The Journal of Japanese Gardening Magazine
Japanese Gardens, Bowdoin College
Miller, P. (2005), The Japanese Garden: Gateway to the Human Spirit, International Journal of Humanities & Peace 2005, Vol. 21 Issue 1, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://researchport.umd.edu
Kato, E. (2004), The Tea Ceremony and Women Empowerment in Modern Japan, RoutledgeCurzon, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://www.netlibrary.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/Reader/
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Based on a real world example, the Tsubo-en garden in Lelystad, The Netherlands, www.zen-garden.org offers an online guide with a pragmatic structured 6-phase approach to realize and maintain a garden, with specific focus and many details and references on the Japanese karesansui (dry rock) Zen garden
Categories: Japanese gardens | Japanese style of gardening | Types of gardenHidden categories: Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements
Rubber Ducky antenna
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Early portable antennas
In the time-frame of its development, antennas on portable equipment usually consisted of telescoping rods that were extended for operation and later retracted for storage. Electrically short antennas have considerable capacitive reactance, so to provide an approximate impedance match, it is usual to add an inductor in series with the antenna. Antennas which have these inductors built into their bases are called base loaded antennas.
Entire length used for base loading lc patch cord
Protective rubber removed from the antenna on a UHF CB transceiver. The entire length used for base loading. rg6 coaxial cable
It is possible to make an antenna in which the entire length of the driven element is an inductor, configured much like a spring. In fact, if a springy material is used, the antenna becomes flexible and somewhat immune to damage. If the spring antenna is further enclosed in a plastic or rubber-like covering, it is called a Rubber Ducky antenna. coaxial cable rg6
Effective aperture
Because the length of this antenna is significantly smaller than a wavelength the effective aperture is approximately:
A surprising result is that even though the Rubber Ducky antenna may be small, its effective aperture can be comparable to larger antennas.
Reasonable performance
If care is taken in its design to produce a reasonably high radiation resistance, one can produce a useful antenna. Rubber Ducky antennas have reasonable performance, but they do not have either the gain or the aperture of larger antennas. Therefore, their performance will always be somewhat of a compromise. They are difficult to characterize electrically because the current distribution along the element is not sinusoidal as is the case of a thin linear array. However, there are a few ules-of-thumb that can be used to design these antennas:
Performance trade-offs
If the coils of the spring are wide (a large diameter), relative to the length of the array, the resulting antenna will have narrow bandwidth.
Conversely, if the coils of the spring are narrow, relative to the length of the array, the resulting antenna will have its largest possible bandwidth.
If the antenna is resonant, and the spring has a large diameter, the impedance will be well below 50 ohms, tending towards zero ohms with large inductors as the structure starts to resemble a series-tuned circuit with little radiation resistance.
If the antenna is resonant, and the spring has a small diameter, the impedance will increase towards 70 ohms.
Therefore, from these rules, one can surmise that it is possible to design a Rubber Ducky antenna that has about 50 ohms impedance at its feed-point but a compromise of bandwidth may be necessary. Modern Rubber Ducky antennas such as those used on cell phones are tapered in such a way that few performance compromises are necessary.
Some are different
Some Rubber Ducky antennas are designed quite differently than the original design. One type uses a spring only for support. The spring is electrically shorted out. The antenna is therefore electrically, a linear element antenna. Some other Rubber Ducky antennas use a spring of non-conducting material for support and comprise a collinear array antenna. Such antennas are still called Rubber Ducky antennas even though they function quite differently (and often better) than the original spring antenna. The Rubber Ducky antenna has recently become known as the Flagelliform antenna as well.
See also
isotropic antenna
omnidirectional antenna
whip antenna
driven element
balun
amateur radio
shortwave listening
References
^ Kraus, John D. (1950). Antennas. McGraw-Hill. Chapter 3, The antenna as an aperture, pp 30.
2. Raines, J.K., "Simple Formulas for Loaded Antennas," Microwave Journal, January, 2009, electronic edition, http://www.mwjournal.com/Media/pdf/raines2-2.pdf
Categories: Radio frequency antenna typesHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2009 | All articles needing additional references
