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Crew
Position
Cosmonaut toy sword and shield
Commander bounce ball toy
Pavel Belyayev cessna 172
First spaceflight
Pilot
Alexei Leonov
First spaceflight
Backup crew
Position
Cosmonaut
Commander
Dmitri Zaikin
Pilot
Yevgeni Khrunov
Reserve crew
Position
Cosmonaut
Commander
Viktor Gorbatko
Pilot
Pyotr Kolodin
Mission parameters
Mass: 5,682 kg (12,530 lb)
Apogee: 475 km (295 mi)
Perigee: 167 km (104 mi)
Inclination: 64.8
Period: 90.9 min
Space walk
Leonov - EVA 1 - March 18, 1965
08:28:13 UTC: The Voskhod 2 airlock is depressurized by Leonov.
08:32:54 UTC: Leonov opens the Voskhod 2 airlock hatch.
08:34:51 UTC: EVA 1 start - Leonov leaves airlock.
08:47:00 UTC: EVA 1 end - Leonov reenters airlock.
08:48:40 UTC: Hatch on the airlock is closed and secured by Leonov.
08:51:54 UTC: Leonov begins to repressurize the airlock.
Duration: 12 minutes
Mission highlights
The Voskhod 3KD spacecraft had an inflatable airlock extended in orbit. Cosmonaut Alexey Leonov donned a space suit and left the spacecraft while the other cosmonaut of the two-man crew, Pavel Belyayev, remained inside. Leonov began his spacewalk 90 minutes into the mission at the end of the first orbit. Cosmonaut Leonov's spacewalk lasted 12 minutes and 9 seconds (08:34:5108:47:00hrs UTC), beginning over north-central Africa (northern Sudan/southern Egypt), and ending over eastern Siberia.
Voskhod 2 spacecraft
The Voskhod 2 spacecraft is a Vostok spacecraft with a backup, solid fuel retrorocket, attached atop the descent module. The ejection seat was removed and two seats were added, (at a 90-degree angle relative to the Vostok crew seats position). An inflatable exterior airlock was also added to the descent module opposite the entry hatch. After use, the airlock was jettisoned. There was no provision for crew escape in the event of a launch or landing emergency. A solid fuel braking rocket was also added to the parachute lines to provide for a softer landing at touchdown. This was necessary because, unlike the Vostok, the crew lands with the Voskhod descent module.
Though Leonov was able to complete his spectacular spacewalk successfully, both that feat and the overall mission were plagued with problems. After his 12 minutes and 9 seconds outside the Voskhod, Leonov found that his suit had stiffened to the point where he could not re-enter the airlock. Leonov worked around this by allowing some of his suit's pressure to bleed off, making it easier for him to bend the joints. The two crewmembers subsequently experienced difficulty in sealing the hatch properly, followed by a troublesome re-entry in which malfunction of the automatic landing system forced the use of its manual backup. The manual re-entry culminated in a landing well outside of the flight's intended landing zone in an inhospitable and heavily-wooded part of the Ural Mountains, forcing the two cosmonauts to spend a night surrounded by wolves before they could be rescued by their recovery team.
General Kamanin's diary later gave the landing location of the Voskhod 2, Saransk (ball), as: "54 deg 12 min North, 45 deg 10 min East." Also according to General Kamanin's diary, a commander of one of the search helicopters reported finding Voskhod 2, "On the forest road between the villages of Sorokovaya and Shchuchino, about 30 kilometers southwest of the town of Berezniki, I see the red parachute and the two cosmonauts. there is deep snow all around ..."
The capsule is currently on display at the museum of RKK Energiya in Korolyov, near Moscow.
Voskhod 2 EVA details
Airlock and spacesuit as used
On reaching orbit in Voskhod 2, Leonov and Belyayev attached the EVA backpack to Leonov Berkut (olden Eagle) space suit, a modified Vostok Sokol-1 intravehicular (IV) suit. The white metal EVA backpack provided 45 minutes of oxygen for breathing and cooling. Oxygen vented through a relief valve into space, carrying away heat, moisture, and exhaled carbon dioxide. The space suit pressure could be set at either 40.6 kPa (5.89 psi) or 27.40 kPa (3.974 psi).
Belyayev then deployed and pressurized the Volga inflatable airlock. The airlock was necessary because Vostok and Voskhod avionics were cooled with cabin air and would overheat if the capsule was depressurized for the EVA. The Volga airlock was designed, built, and tested in nine months in mid-1964. At launch, Volga fitted over Voskhod 2 hatch, extending 74 cm (29 in) beyond the spacecraft's hull. The airlock comprised a 1.2 m (3.9 ft) wide metal ring fitted over Voskhod 2 inward-opening hatch, a double-walled fabric airlock tube with a deployed length of 2.50 m (8.2 ft), and a 1.2 m (3.9 ft) wide metal upper ring around the 65 cm (26 in) wide inward-opening airlock hatch. Volga deployed internal volume was 2.50 m3 (88 cu ft).
The fabric airlock tube was made rigid by about 40 airbooms, clustered as three, independent groups. Two groups sufficed for deployment. The airbooms needed seven minutes to fully inflate. Four spherical tanks held sufficient oxygen to inflate the airbooms and pressurize the airlock. Two lights lighted the airlock interior, and three 16mm cameras two in the airlock, one outside on a boom mounted to the upper ring recorded the historic first spacewalk.
Belyayev controlled the airlock from inside Voskhod 2, but a set of backup controls for Leonov was suspended on bungee cords inside the airlock. Leonov entered Volga, then Belyayev sealed Voskhod 2 behind him and depressurized the airlock. Leonov opened Volga outer hatch and pushed out to the end of his 5.35 m (17.6 ft) umbilicus. He later said the umbilicus gave him tight control of his movements an observation purportedly belied by subsequent American spacewalk experience. Leonov reported looking down and seeing from the Straits of Gibraltar to the Caspian Sea.
After Leonov returned to his couch, Belyayev fired pyrotechnic bolts to discard the Volga. Sergei Korolev, Chief Designer at OKB-1 Design Bureau (now RKK Energia), stated after the EVA that Leonov could have remained outside for much longer than he did, while Mstislav Keldysh, hief theoretician of the Soviet space program and President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, said that the EVA showed that future cosmonauts would find work in space easy.
The government news agency, TASS, reported that, utside the ship and after returning, Leonov feels well; however, post-Cold War Russian documents reveal a different story that Leonov Berkut space suit ballooned, making bending difficult. Because of this, Leonov was unable to reach the shutter switch on his thigh for his chest-mounted camera. He could not take pictures of Voskhod 2, nor was he able to recover the camera mounted on Volga which recorded his EVA for posterity. After 12 minutes Leonov re-entered Volga.
Recent accounts report Cosmonaut Leonov violated procedure by entering the airlock head-first, then became stuck sideways when he turned to close the outer hatch, forcing him to flirt with decompression sickness (the ends) by lowering the suit pressure so he could bend to free himself. Recently, Leonov said that he had a suicide pill to swallow had he been unable to re-enter the Voskhod 2, and Belyayev been forced to abandon him in orbit.
Doctors reported that Leonov nearly suffered heatstroke his core body temperature increased by 1.8C (3.2F) in 20 minutes; Leonov said he was up to his knees in sweat, which sloshed in the suit. In an interview published in the Soviet Military Review in 1980, Leonov downplayed his difficulties, saying that uilding manned orbital stations and exploring the Universe are inseparably linked with man activity in open space. There is no end of work in this field.
See also
Extra-vehicular activity
List of spacewalks
References
^ "Baikonur LC1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
^ a b Portree, David S. F.; Robert C. Trevio (October 1997). "Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology" (PDF). Monographs in Aerospace History Series #7. NASA History Office. pp. 1516. http://history.nasa.gov/monograph7.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
External links
The Voskhod 2 mission revisited
v d e
Voskhod programme
Unmanned:
Kosmos 47, Kosmos 57, Kosmos 110
Manned:
Voskhod 1, Voskhod 2
Planned:
Voskhod 3, Voskhod 4, Voskhod 5, Voskhod 6
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Soviet and Russian government manned space programs
Active
Soyuz ISS (joint)
Human spaceflight portal
Past
Vostok Voskhod Salyut Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (joint) Mir Shuttle-Mir Program (joint)
Cancelled
Zond (lunar Soyuz 7K-L1) N1-L3 (Moon landing program) TMK (Mars flyby program) Spiral Almaz (incorporated into Salyut program) / TKS spacecraft Energia / Buran Kliper
Categories: 1965 in space exploration | 1965 in the Soviet Union | Human spaceflights | Voskhod programmeHidden categories: Articles containing Russian language text | Articles containing non-English language text
Tuesday, May 4, 2010
Voskhod 2
IP Phone
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Elements of an IP phone
Hardware
DNS client motorola bluetooth hs850
STUN client e2c
DHCP client (not commonly used) hs850
Signalling stack (SIP, H323, Skinny, Skype, or others)
RTP Stack
Codecs (Audio codecs such as G.711, GSM, iLBC, Speex, G.729 ,G.722, G.722.2 (AMR-WB) etc. Video codecs such as H.263, H.263+ and H.264)
User interface
Hardware of a stand alone IP phone
Hardware-based IP phone
The overall hardware may look like a telephone or mobile phone. An IP phone has the following hardware components.
Speaker/ear phone and microphone
Key pad/touch pad to enter phone number and text (not used for ATAs).
Display hardware to feedback user input and show caller-id/messages (not used for ATAs).
General purpose processor (GPP) to process application messages.
A voice engine or a Digital signal processor to process RTP messages. Some IC manufacturers provides GPP and DSP in single chip.
ADC and DAC converters: To convert voice to digital data and vice versa.
Ethernet or wireless network hardware to send and receive messages on data network.
Power source might be a battery or DC source. Some IP phones receive electricity from Power over Ethernet.
For wireless IP phones
battery
Wireless network interface controller
Other devices
There are several WiFi enabled mobile phones and PDAs that come pre-loaded with SIP clients or are at least capable of running IP telephony clients. Some IP phones may also support PSTN phone lines directly.
Gateway devices
Analog telephony adapters are connected to the internet or Local area network using an Ethernet port and have sockets to connect one or more PSTN phones. Such devices are sent out to customers who sign up with various commercial VoIP providers allowing them to continue using their existing PSTN based telephones.
Another type of gateway device acts as a simple GSM base station and regular mobile phones can connect to this and make VoIP calls. While a license is required to run one of these in most countries these can be useful on ships or remote areas where a low-powered gateway transmitting on unused frequencies is likely to go unnoticed.
Stun Client
A STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT) client is used on some SIP-based IP phones as firewalls on Network interface sometimes block SIP/RTP packets. Some special mechanism is required in this case to enable routing of SIP packets from one network to other. STUN is used in some of the sip phones to enable the SIP/RTP packets to cross boundaries of two different IP networks. A packet becomes unroutable between two sip elements if one of the networks uses private IP address range and other is in public IP address range. Stun is a mechanism to enable this border traversal. There are alternate mechanisms for traversal of NAT, STUN is just one of them. STUN or any other NAT traversal mechanism is not required when the two sip phones connecting are routable from each other and no firewall exists in between.
DHCP Client
DHCP client may be used to configure the TCP/IP parameters and server details if network segment uses dynamic IP address configuration. DHCP client then provides central and automatic management of IP phones configuration.
Common features of IP phones
Caller ID
Dialing using name/ID (differs from speed dial in that no number is stored on the client)
Locally stored and network-based directories
Conference and multiparty call
Call park
Call transfer and call hold
Preserving user name/ number when choosing a different service provider (not widely supported).
Applications like weather report, Attendance in school and offices, Live news etc.
Disadvantages of IP phones
Requires internet access to make calls outside the Local area network unless a compatible local PBX is available to handle calls to and from outside lines.
IP Phones and the routers they connect through usually depend on mains electricity, unlike PSTN phones which are supplied with power from the telephone exchange.
IP networks, particularly residential internet connections are easily congested. This can cause poorer voice quality or the call to be dropped completely.
IP Phones, like other network devices can be subjected to Denial of service attacks as well as other attacks especially if the device is given a public IP address
Due to the latency induced by protocol overhead they do not work as well on satellite internet and other high-latency internet connections.
References
^ VoiP - Vulnerability over Internet Protocol
See also
List of SIP software
IP Multimedia Subsystem
VoIP
Media phone
Mobile VoIP
Private branch exchange (PBX)
ZRTP
Session initiation protocol
Soft phone
STUN
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: IP Phone
Categories: Voice over IP
Wellington boot
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Origins
The first Duke of Wellington instructed his shoemaker, Hoby of St. James's Street, London, to modify the 18th-century Hessian boot. The resulting new boot was fabricated in soft calfskin leather, had the trim removed and was cut to fit more closely around the leg. The heels were low cut, stacked around an inch (2.5 centimetres), and the boot stopped at mid-calf. It was suitably hard-wearing for battle, yet comfortable for the evening. The boot was dubbed the Wellington and the name has stuck in British English ever since. The Duke can be seen wearing his namesake boots, which are tasseled, in an 1815 portrait by James Lonsdale.
Wellington's dashing new boots quickly caught on with patriotic British gentlemen eager to emulate their war hero. Considered fashionable and foppish in the best circles and worn by dandies, such as Beau Brummell, they remained the main fashion for men through the 1840s. In the 1850s they were more commonly made in the calf-high version, and in the 1860s they were both superseded by the ankle boot, except for riding. vibrating alarm
These boots were at first made of leather. However in 1852 Hiram Hutchinson met Charles Goodyear, who had just invented the vulcanization process for natural rubber. While Goodyear decided to manufacture tyres, Hutchinson bought the patent to manufacture footwear and moved to France to establish "A l'Aigle" ("To the Eagle") in 1853, to honour his home country. The company today is simply called "AIGLE", "Eagle"). In a country where 95% of the population were working on fields with wooden clogs as they had been for generations, the introduction of the wholly water-proof Wellington-type rubber boot became an instant success: farmers would be able to come back home with clean, dry feet. monoxide detector
Production of the Wellington boot was dramatically boosted with the advent of World War I and a requirement for footwear suitable for the conditions in Europe's flooded trenches. The North British Rubber Company (now Hunter Boot Ltd) was asked by the War Office to construct a boot suitable for such conditions. The mills ran day and night to produce immense quantities of these trench boots. In total, 1,185,036 pairs were made to meet the British Army's demands. ademco
In World War II, Hunter Boot was again requested to supply vast quantities of Wellington and thigh boots. 80% of production was of war materials - from (rubber) ground sheets to life belts and gas masks. In Holland, the British forces were working in flooded conditions which demanded Wellingtons and thigh boots in vast supplies.
By the end of the war in 1945, the Wellington had become popular among men, women and children for wet weather wear. The boot had developed to become far roomier with a thick sole and rounded toe. Also, with the rationing of that time, labourers began to use them for daily work.
The lower cost and ease of rubber "Wellington" boot manufacture, and being entirely water-proof, lent itself immediately to being the preferred protective shoe to leather in all forms of industry. Increased attention to occupational health and safety requirements led to the steel toe or steel-capped Wellington: a protective (commonly internal) toe capping to protect the foot from crush and puncture injuries. Although traditionally made of steel, the reinforcement may be a composite or a plastic material such as ThermoPlastic Polyurethane (TPU). Such steel-toe Wellingtons are nearly indispensable in an enormous range of industry and are often mandatory wear to meet local occupational health and safety legislation or insurance requirements.
Usage and terminology in other countries
Australia
Though most commonly called "gum boots", an alternative name "Blucher Boot" is occasionally heard there, used by some older Australians. Gummies is also a nickname used. Blcher was Wellington's colleague at The Battle of Waterloo and there is speculation that some early emigrants to Australia, remembering the battle, may have preserved an earlier term for the boots that has died out elsewhere. The Australian poet Henry Lawson wrote a poem to a pair of Blucher Boots in 1890.
Canada and the US
Wellington boots, almost always simply called rubber boots or gum-boots, are popular in Canada and the northern US states, particularly in springtime when melting snows leave wet and muddy ground. Young people can be seen wearing them to school or university and taking them to summer camps.
While green Wellingtons are popular in Britain, yellow-soled black rubber boots are often seen in the US, in addition to Canadian styles. In rural and coastal Alaska, XtraTuf boots are popular. Wellingtons specifically made for cold weather, lined with warm insulating material, are especially popular practical footwear for Canadian winters.
Colourful PVC Wellingtons
In the U.S. white mid-calf rubber boots are worn by workers on shrimp boats and construction workers pouring concrete.
Ireland
In some parts of Ireland one can hear older people refer to their Wellington boots as "me topboots", usually black in colour, as this was a popular name for Wellingtons in the 1960s. "Waterboots" is commonly heard too.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, Wellingtons are called "gumboots" and considered essential foot wear for farmers. Gumboots are often referred to in Kiwi popular culture such as Footrot Flats. The farming town of Taihape in New Zealand's North Island proclaims itself "Gumboot capital of the World" and has annual competitions and events such as Gumboot Day where gumboots are thrown. Most gumboots are black, but those worn by abattoir workers, butchers, and by hospital operating theatre staff and surgeons are white, and children's sizes come in multiple colours.
The term "gum boot" in New Zealand is thought to derive from the 19th-century Kauri-gum diggers, who wore this footwear or perhaps because the boots were made from gum rubber. The term is often abbreviated to "gummies". Kiwi celebrity Fred Dagg paid tribute to this iconic footwear in his song "Gumboots".
Nordic countries
The boots are very popular in Scandinavian countries, with conditions and climate similar to Canada. In fact, before its entry into the mobile phone business, rubber boots were among the best-known products of Nokia.
Russia
In Russia rubber boots were first introduced in the 1920s. Immediately, they became extremely popular because of Russian weather conditions. During the rule of Stalin, 17 rubber-boot factories were built in different parts of the USSR. Along with valenki in winter, rubber boots became the traditional footwear in springs and autumns. When Nikita Khrushchev came to power, the boot became charged politically in the context of the "Battle for Modesty" campaign, where rubber footwear was proclaimed as "Socialism style" (thus fashionable), while leather, which was obviously more expensive, was derided as "Capitalism style" (thus unfashionable). During the period 19611964 leather footwear disappeared from Soviet shops. When Leonid Brezhnev came to power in 1964, the usual leather footwear returned to shops, and rubber boots quickly lost their popularity.
Wellingtons in sport and song
Gumboot Dance performed by mine workers in South Africa
In South Africa, the sound of people dancing in gumboots has been incorporated into a form of semi-traditional popular music, often known as "gumboot music" or "gumboot zydeco" in Africa or Welly boot dance by people from Britain. The dance began as a form of communication in the late 19th century in the gold mines of South Africa. The miners having been forbidden to speak with each other while they worked, were stripped of the right to wear their tribal garments. This is where these men adopted a system of communication using their work attire and native tribal rhythms. This miner uniform included Wellington boots, hard hats, and chains; so these men utilized the instruments they were given within this uniform to develop a new language for communication, safety, and simply as a form of entertainment. Oftentimes there were songs or chants accompanying these gumboot dances, the men would sing songs that included such content as themes of longing or loneliness, oftentimes they would make fun of their bosses in the songs. The men who owned these mines began to be impressed with this new phenomenon, and at times would allow the best gumboot dancers to form troupes and perform. These dances, uniform, and these rhythms have lived on from the gold mines in South Africa in step dance a contemporary form of dance heavily influenced by gumboot dancing, as well as many other forms of music and dance that use the body to create the arrangement of rhythms. Traditional gumboot dances, as well as contemporary versions of this dance can be seen throughout Africa and the United States, though at times in South Africa the gumboot dancing at times has become more of a tourist attraction rather than a celebration of liberation under oppression.
In 1974, Scottish comedian Billy Connolly adopted a comical ode to the boot called "The Welly Boot Song" as his theme tune and it became one of his best-known songs. In 1976, satirist John Clarke's alter ego Fred Dagg reworked Connolly's song as "If it weren't for your Gumboots", and created a hit. Wellies have also been used by the band, Gaelic Storm in their fifth full album "Bring Yer Wellies," and in the song "Kelly's Wellies" on the same album.
Between 1994 and 1996, the UK's BBC1 created several series of William's Wish Wellingtons, about a boy named William whose magical red Wellington Boots could grant him wishes.
In the song "Springtime", Spinal Tap tires of spring, and they want drizzle, sleet, and "Wellies on my feet".
In Britain, there is a light-hearted sport, known as wellie wanging, which involves throwing Wellington boots as far as possible.
Some individuals find wearing Wellington boots to be erotic. See boot fetishism.
Industrial wear
As stated above, the all-rubber (or plastic, composite, etc) waterproof construction, especially when mated to a steel toe was an enormous and widely adopted footwear for all manner of industry. An exhaustive list is beyond the scope of the article, but a sort list would include:
White boots- one-piece construction, commonly of PVC or a similar plastic worn in
surgeries
abattoirs or meat-packing plants
fast-food industry
Haz-Mat hazardous chemicals clean up operations
clean rooms for delicate and sensitive electronics, including satellites and microchips
US shrimp boats
US concrete pouring
See also
Mackintosh
Gumboot Day
Beef Wellington
Galoshes
Boot fetishism
William's Wish Wellingtons
Hunter Boot Ltd
References
^ James Lonsdale's portrait of Wellington
^ "To a Pair of Blucher Boots" by Henry Lawson
^ London Telegraph
^ Nokia
^ New York Times
v d e
Footwear
Men's dress shoes
Brogues Derbies Loafers Court shoes Monks Oxfords Venetian style shoes Winklepickers Boat shoes
Women's dress shoes
Ballet flats Court shoes (Pumps) Loafers Slingbacks Mules Mary Janes Mojari Saddle shoes Venetian style shoes Winklepickers
Other shoes
Flip-flops Galoshes Geta Moccasins Platform shoes Sandals Slides Slippers
Military footwear
Ammunition boots Cold weather boots Combat boots Jackboots Jump boots Jungle boots Tanker boots Trench boots
Sport-related footwear
Athletic shoes Ballet shoes Boat shoes Climbing shoes Cycling shoes Football boots Hiking boots Ice skates Inline skates Mountaineering boots Riding boots Motorcycle boots Roller skates Ski boots Skate shoes Swimfins
Fashion boots
Beatle boots Chelsea boots Knee-high boots Go-go boots Platform boot
Work boots/shoes
Australian work boots Chukka boot Cowboy boot Hip boot Rigger boot Steel toe boots Waders Engineer boots
Other boots
Mukluk Valenki Wellington boots
Historical
Buskin Chopine Clog Galesh Hessian Hwa Opanak Poulaine
Categories: Boots | Caving equipment
Green Balloon Club
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Series 1: The Green Balloon Club (2008-2009)
The show is about four eco-warrior children who deal with nature and environmental issues. The show was originally part of the "EcoBeebies" brand. It started with a launch show named Easy Peasy Eco Beebies on 13 June 2008, and this was followed by 48 episodes, one every week from June 20, 2008 to May 29, 2009.
Each episode starts with the children doing the register, then singing the "Green Balloon Club" chant. At the end of the show, the balloon "lands" and everybody sings a song. disposable paper cup
Series 2: Green Balloon Scrapbook (2010) food sealers
In 2010, a new series of 15 episodes entitled "Green Balloon Scrapbook" was produced which showed "what the Green Team get up to when they're not in the Green Balloon. Different members of the team check their computers to find out what the others are doing" printed disposable cups
Cast
Isabella Blake-Thomas as Lily Rose
Jake Pratt as Jay (absent for one episode)
Debbie Korley as Sky
Adam Wells as Ant
Thai Murray-Edwards as Cat
Aliex Yuill as Jelly
Chris Howard as Himself
Bill Oddie as Himself (in The Green Balloon Club only)
Ellie-Jo Pratt as the voice of Skipper the dog (in Green Balloon Scrapbook only)
Episode list
Green Balloon Club
Episode
Original air date
Details
1
20 June 2008
Lily-Rose, Ant, Cat, Jay, Sky and Skipper the dog meet at the foot of the Green Balloon in a clubhouse, made from recycled bottles and boxes.
2
27 June 2008
The kids find out about animals under the water.
3
4 July 2008
The team find out about fruit and dragonflies and travel over the Scottish Highlands to find out what wildlife lives there.
4
11 July 2008
The gang are on a bug hunt and Jelly is visiting the Isles of Scilly.
5
18 July 2008
Lily-Rose plants some nastertiums and find out about the night-time creatures with Cat.
6
25 July 2008
The team go to the coast to find out about the wildlife living there.
7
1 August 2008
Ant brings a very special visitor to the club.
8
8 August 2008
The balloon travels over heathland and the children look out for wildlife.
9
15 August 2008
The team discover a forest of flowers and the ground crew learn how to do a buzzy bee boogie.
10
22 August 2008
The balloon is flying over the coast and the team explore under the sea.
11
29 August 2008
The team discover how sweet lavender is, what a rat's skull looks like and Nature Chris is being put through an army assault course.
12
5 September 2008
The Green Team use all their senses to explore the world around them.
13
12 September 2008
Jelly sends in her special report as she finds out what it is like to hug a tree. Jay and Ant will be showing us how tricky it is building a nest and Cat and Lily-Rose will be making paper cup squirrels.
14
19 September 2008
The Green Team are finding out about life on the waterways and Cat finds out about water voles. Jelly is spotting her very first Jay in Bill's garden.
15
26 September 2008
The balloon is heading to a mud festival in Wales and the green team are having lots of messy fun with compost and clay.
16
3 October 2008
Jelly meets up with Green Balloon Club members Louie and Stanley for a trip on a canal boat and look at the wildlife along the banks.
17
10 October 2008
The Green Team have a special visitor with them in the balloon. Basil the kitten has come to Balloon Club with Cat, and the team look at how he is like his larger African cousins.
18
17 October 2008
Today Jelly is harvesting apples in an orchard while Lily-Rose and Ant are starting a planting experiment to see if they can grow an apple tree. Cat and Jay are finding out about deer with the help of Green Balloon Club members Melina and Naureen.
19
24 October 2008
The Green Team find out about owls and Club Members Ellie, Jodie and Erin meet a tawny owl. The Ground Crew check out what wildlife can be found on the seashore at this time of year and even try a bit of snorkelling.
20 (Halloween Special)
31 October 2008
It is Halloween and there are some spooky goings-on in the Green Balloon. Jelly visits Bill to see if her pumpkin has grown big enough to become a lantern, and looks for bugs in Bill's garden. Cat finds out about bats and asks why people find them scary. Also, the Green Team take on the challenge of the Tower of Flour.
21
7 November 2008
As part of the Autumnwatch season Green Balloon Club team are having a good look at Autumn - how the leaves change colour and whether it is possible to preserve their lovely shades. Jelly pays a visit to Bill Oddie and finds out what's happening in his bird boxes at this time of year. Many birds migrate now, but Jay and the Ground Crew have a look at the ones that stay at home and find out how experts research their lives.
22
14 November 2008
This week the Green Team are going wild about woods. Green Balloon Club member Ralf is reporting from a woodland event, finding out what fun can be had in your local wood.
23
21 November 2008
The Green Team are learning about hibernation and Jay is finding out if birds hibernate. Ant looks at hibernating insects and makes a bug box for minibeasts to sleep in over the winter. Lily-Rose is looking at how her seeds do in winter, while Cat finds the champion hibernator of them all - the dormouse.
24
28 November 2008
The Green Team marvel at just how athletic some creatures are. Green Balloon Club members from Cardiff show us what brilliant jumpers their local salmon are whilst the balloon is visited by a very athletic little friend: Georgina the ferret.
25
5 December 2008
The Green Team are starting to think about Christmas. They have an idea for making mini Christmas trees and Cat finds out about Pine Martens. Green Balloon Club members Josh, Oscar, Henry and Ben file a special report on winter vegetables, while the Ground Crew set out in search of badgers. We finally really get in the Christmas mood with our new song Whatever's Good at Christmas, featuring Bill Oddie and Jelly alongside the Green Team.
26
12 December 2008
Christmas is getting near and Sky has bought a Christmas tree for the Green Balloon. May and Alfie send in a report on choosing their Christmas tree too and the Green Team set about making decorations - festive snowflakes for the tree. Green Balloon club members Jorge and Zoe are lucky enough to meet some reindeer and send in a special report whilst Antoinne and Chantel set a seasonal spot to look out for this week. Bill Oddie, Jelly, Nature Chris and a host of children and animals join the Green Team for the fantastic Green Balloon Christmas song, Whatever's good at Christmas.
27 (Christmas Special)
19 December 2008
Christmas is almost here and the Green Team are thinking about presents. They receive a beautiful book, The Story of Christmas, and within its pages see the story of the Nativity told by the animals. Children from Hillhouse Primary school team up with Nature Chris and the animals from Lee Valley Farm to bring us the story. Back in the balloon the team look at the Christmas presents they could provide for their local wildlife and make a beautiful star for the Christmas tree. After a seasonal spot, the team join up with Bill Oddie, Jelly, the Nativity cast, Bollywood dancers, Irish dancers and break dancers in the Green Balloon's Christmas song, Whatever's good at Christmas. NOTE There was a two week break between this episode and the next, due to the cast going on Christmas holidays.
28
9 January 2009
The Green Team are all together again and full of wishes for the New Year. Jelly and her friends find out how to recycle your Christmas tree, whilst Green Balloon Club members, Alice, Oscar and Rory, are having fun in the snow. Cat and Skipper are finding out about squirrels and Ant and Lily-Rose make a New Year collage showing all the wildlife they hope to spot this year. NOTE Jake Pratt was absent for this episode for unknown reasons.
29
16 January 2009
It is January and Lily-Rose is feeling fed up with the Winter. Her flowers have died and there is no wildlife around to spot. The Green Team set about showing her that there is still plenty to do and see in the winter.
30
23 January 2009
The Green Balloon Club have a good look at the birds in the winter garden. Cat and Lily-Rose are making comical dancing birds and we have a close look at stoats who are also great movers. Green Balloon Club members Amy and Ellie set another widespread bird as this week's spot and finally the whole team imagine what it would be like to go flying South like a migrating bird.
31
30 January 2009
It is panto time in the Green Balloon. Join the Green Team as they tell the story of Lily-Rose Riding Hood and the Big Bad Wolves. Green Balloon Club member Andrew shows us how to plant a tree and Bill Oddie introduces Jelly to some of the creatures that visit his garden.
32
6 February 2009
It is panto time in the Green Balloon. The Green Team learn how bread is made. Jelly files a special report from a flour mill and the team try their hand at making bread hedgehogs. Cat is finding out about real hedghogs while Green Balloon Club members from the Lee Valley are looking for winter wildfowl and set us a seasonal spot.
33
13 February 2009
The first signs of Spring are starting to appear and birds are looking for places to build their nests and start a family. Jake is putting up a new home for his robins and introduces us to a family of blue tits. The Green Team have a look at the different homes that animals live in whilst Jelly visits some children in West Sussex who are making a wormery.
34
20 February 2009
Lily-Rose has lost her first tooth and she brings it in to show the Green Team. So Ant in turn shows her his collection of animal teeth and they look at what jobs the different kinds of teeth do. Jelly and Bill set up a fantastic experiment to see if they can see a snail's teeth. Green Balloon Club members Ellie and Tilly find some beautiful garden birds - but not the sort you usually find in your back garden. NOTE Jake Pratt's sisters Ellie-Jo and Tilly made an appearance on this episode as Green Balloon Club members.
35
27 February 2009
The team are joined by Nature Chris and are having a weather day. They discover different ways of making rainbows and have a look at one of Britain's most brightly-coloured birds. Green Balloon Club members Megan and Ellie are out in the snow showing us how a hedge is planted, whilst Jelly and her friends are down on the farm to meet some racing pigs.
36
6 March 2009
The Green Team wonder when Skipper's birthday is, because she is a rescue dog and Cat does not know exactly when she was born. There is no time like the present, so the Team decide it is the perfect day to celebrate Skipper's birthday. Jelly and her friends visit the Dogs' Trust and find out about rescue dogs whilst Green Balloon Club Members Aaron, Alia, Lillas and Kyle report on the daffodils which have come into bloom where they live.
37
13 March 2009
The Green Team are finding out about creatures that communicate using vibrations. Green Balloon Club members Lukasz, Tabitha and Xavier are on the trail of a greater spotted woodpecker, whilst Jelly and her friends head to Scotland to go dolphin spotting. The Green team find out about how spiders use their webs and even make a communication system of their own.
38
30 March 2009
Spring is on the way. Ant has found his first ladybird of the year; it looks as if they are coming out of hibernation. Lily-Rose's hyacinth has bloomed and Green Balloon Club members Malikah, Centaine and Zahra are finding first buds and shoots where they live. Sky starts off a bean seed experiment whilst Jelly is visiting some friends who are working in a kitchen garden
39
27 March 2009
The Green Team are finding out about the life cycle. Ant has brought in some pupas that he is watching, hoping that they will soon hatch into butterflies. Green Balloon Club members Maisie, Christopher and Jada have found some frogspawn in their local pond, whilst Jelly and her friends are checking out the bird life on the estuary and Jay is finding out about puffins.
40
3 April 2009
The Green Team are going tracking. Every creature makes a different print, but can they recognise them? Green Balloon Club members Joanne, Jack, Jonathan and Niamh are on the East Anglian coast looking for a beautiful bird called an Oyster Catcher. The Ground Crew set off on a tracking mission too and find something quite a bit larger. Cat finds out about Hares, whilst Lily-Rose and Ant make a peacock using their own prints.
41
10 April 2009
Lily-Rose, Ant, Cat, Jay, Sky and Skipper the dog travel Great Britain in a green hot air balloon. The team have some very special visitors in the balloon: a pair of baby rabbits. Jelly and her friends set off to a city farm to discover what baby animals they have there, and at the same time get involved with some pig racing. Green Balloon Club members Ben, Elliot, Macey and Benjamin are planting some bulbs ready for summer whilst Lily-Rose is getting very excited about planting some vegetable seeds and growing her own dinner.
42
17 April 2009
The Green Team are joining the BBC's Dig In Campaign - time for some spring vegetable planting. Lily-Rose has a lovely new windowbox which she plants with carrots, beetroots, red lettuce and butternut squash, at the same time planting tomato seeds in a propagator. Ant and Cat think of a clever way to make seed markers from polystyrene food trays.
43
24 April 2009
Cat has brought a great toy farm to Club and the Green Team find out about baby farm animals. Green Balloon Club members Eddie, Joe and Bethany head off to a farm to find some baby animals and report back on them. Nature Chris has an amazing surprise for everyone - he's brought in an incubator. Could it be that a chick will hatch before their eyes? Jelly is visiting the Isles of Scilly and looking for seals - perhaps she will find a baby seal?
44
1 May 2009
The Green Team are amazed by just how fast things can grow. Green Balloon Club members Lydia, Thomas, Edward and Kimberley report on the beautiful bluebells in their local wood. The Ground Crew is up very early to listen to the dawn chorus. Jay and Cat find out how to replant their runner beans and kidney beans into larger pots as they have grown so much, whilst Lily-Rose and Ant find some clever ways of printing a vegetable garden
45
8 May 2009
Ant brings in in his prize model of a stag beetle and the team find out about Britain's biggest insect, sadly under threat. Green Balloon Club members Robert, Alexia and Joshua report on what they are doing to help build homes for stag beetles. Jelly visits Bill Oddie and they go on a bug hunt to see what they can discover in his garden.
46
15 May 2009
The Green Team have built a fantastic den inside the Green Balloon and are thinking about animals that live in dens and under the ground. Green Balloon Club members, Jazmin and Pandora, report on a family of foxes that have made a den in their Auntie's garden, whilst Jelly has her very own den made specially for her at a Forest School. Lily-Rose and Ant make beautiful butterflies to decorate their den and Club Members Alex and Rebecca set this week's spot which should be appearing in a tree near you right now.
47
22 May 2009
The Green Team make their own nature worlds, and Cat and Ant make an ocean in a box. Jelly visits friends in the Scilly Isles and goes rockpooling. Also, Green Balloon Club member Harry visits his grandad's animal rescue centre and meets some tiny baby birds. Also, club members Rebecca and Christopher set the Spot of the Week.
48 (Season Finale)
29 May 2009
The Green Team think about the four seasons and try to decide which is best. Could it be spring as it's full of new things? Could it be summer because it is such fun? Could it be autumn because it is so beautiful? Or perhaps it's winter because it's so exciting? Green Balloon Club member Nansi shows the flowers and birds around Cardiff cathedral, while Jack and Dhunya set a special spot of the week.
Green Balloon Scrapbook
Episode
Original air date
Details
1
13 January 2010
Skipper heads off on an adventure where she meets a monkey gang from South Africa.
2
20 January 2010
Skipper heads off on an adventure with a parrot party in the South American rainforest.
3
27 January 2010
Jelly is on a camping trip with some friends in Wales.
4
3 February 2010
Skipper heads off to the jungle where she meets a bird who can make the most amazing sounds.
5
10 February 2010
Ant is making his Bug Files at his local Tropical House.
6
17 February 2010
Jelly reports from the Welsh coast where she meets a surfing family.
7
24 February 2010
Skipper is off on an African adventure, where she meets a lot of water-loving hippos.
8
3 March 2010 (tbc)
(tbc) Skipper heads underwater where she encounters a giant octopus.
9
10 March 2010 (tbc)
(tbc)
10
17 March 2010 (tbc)
(tbc)
11
24 March 2010 (tbc)
(tbc)
12
31 March 2010 (tbc)
(tbc)
13
7 April 2010 (tbc)
(tbc)
14
14 April 2010 (tbc)
(tbc)
15
21 April 2010 (tbc)
(tbc)
References
^ "Green Balloon Club". CBeebies. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/greenballoonclub/. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
^ Tara Conlan (14 April 2008). "CBeebies to broadcast eco season". http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/apr/14/bbc.television. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
^ "Green Balloon Scrapbook". CBeebies. BBC. January 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00q2wym. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
Categories: BBC children's television programmes | 2008 television series debuts | 2000s British television series
Rolo
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www.nestle.co.uk/AboutNestle/TheNestleStory/HistoryOfRowntree/
^ http://www.adultswim.com/video/?episodeID=0173a45a501b2fba159e5bd7b0050890
^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOD7J8NVRgw cd duplicator
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Nestl duplication dvd replication
Corporate directors
Gnter Blobel Peter Brabeck-Letmathe Nobuyuki Idei Henri Nestl Kaspar Villiger
Brands
Bottled water
Aquapod Aquarel Arrowhead Contrex Dear Park Ice Mountain Ozarka Panna Perrier Poland Spring Pure Life San Pellegrino Vittel Zephyrhills
Baby Foods
Cerelac Gerber (Gerber Life) Nido
Candies and Sweets
100 Grand Bar Abuelita Aero After Eight Baby Ruth Bertie Beetle Big Turk Bit-O-Honey Breakaway Butterfinger Cailler Caramac Chico babies Chokito Chunky Coffee Crisp Crunch Goobers Jelly Tots Kit Kat2 (not USA) Lion Bar Mackintosh's Toffee Matchmakers Menier Chocolate Milkybar Mirage Munchies Nestle Fav*rites Oh Henry!2 (not Canada) Orion Peppermint Crisp Perugina Quality Street Raisinets Rolo2 (not USA) Rowntree's Rowntree's Fruit Gums Rowntree's Fruit Pastilles Smarties Sin Parar Sno-Caps Spree Svitoch Toffee Crisp Toll House Violet Crumble Walnut Whip The Willy Wonka Candy Company Yorkie
Dairy, Coffee and Drinks
Carnation Caro Coffee-Mate Juicy Juice KLIM La Lechera Milo Nescaf Nespresso Nesquik Nestea Ovaltine3 (malt only in USA) Sjora
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Prepared meals
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Boost Jenny Craig Nutrament PowerBar
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Alpo Beggin' Strips Beneful Dog Chow Fancy Feast Felix Friskies ONE Tender Vittles
1 Brand owned by General Mills. 2 Local production rights owned by The Hershey Company. 3 Local rights and specific trade dress owned by Nestl, but not worldwide.
See also
Nestl boycott International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes
Annual revenue 109,9 billion CHF (16% profit) (2008) Employees 283,000 Stock symbol SIX: NESN OTCBB: NSRGY Website nestle.com
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Confectionery products of The Hershey Company
Italics indicates discontinued products.
Chocolate-based
5th Avenue Almond Joy Bar None Cadbury Creme Egg2 Cadbury Dairy Milk2 Cherry Blossom Dagoba Glosette Heath bar Hershey bar Hershey's Kisses Hershey's Kissables Hershey's Miniatures Hershey's S'mores Hershey's Special Dark Kit Kat2 Krackel Milk Duds Mini Eggs2 Mounds Mr. Goodbar NutRageous Oh Henry!1 Rolo2 Reese's Fast Break Reese's Peanut Butter Cups Reese's Pieces ReeseSticks Scharffen Berger Skor Snack Barz Swoops Take 5 (Max 5) Whatchamacallit Whoppers York Peppermint Pattie
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Hershey's also manufactures Cadbury-branded products in the United States and military chocolate for the U.S. armed forces.
1 Marketed in both the United States and Canada, but only sold as a Hershey's product within Canada.
2 Marketed in a number of countries, but only sold as a Hershey's product within the United States.
Categories: Nestl brands | Hershey brands | British snack foods | 1938 introductionsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from July 2008 | All articles needing additional references
Hydraulic analogy
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Basic ideas
There are two basic paradigms:
Version with pressure induced by gravity. Large tanks of water that are held up high, and the potential energy of the water head is the pressure source. This is reminiscent of electrical diagrams with an up arrow pointing to +V, grounded pins that otherwise are not shown connecting to anything, and so on. fredricks of
Completely enclosed version with pumps providing pressure only; no gravity. This is reminiscent of a circuit diagram with a voltage source shown and the wires actually completing a circuit. water distillers
Applications: Flow and pressure variables can be calculated in fluid flow network with the use of the hydraulic ohm analogy. The method can be applied to both steady and transient flow situations. water distiller
Component equivalents
A simple pipe.
Wires
A relatively wide pipe completely filled with water is equivalent to a piece of wire. When comparing to a piece of wire, the pipe should be thought of as having semi-permanent caps on the ends. Connecting one end of a wire to a circuit is equivalent to forcibly un-capping one end of the pipe and attaching it to another pipe. With few exceptions (such as a high-voltage power source), a wire with only one end attached to a circuit will do nothing; the pipe remains capped on the free end, and thus adds nothing to the circuit.
Electric potential
Equivalent to pressure.
Voltage
Also called potential difference. A difference in pressure between two points. Usually measured in volts.
Current
Equivalent to a hydraulic volume flow rate; that is, the volumetric quantity of flowing water over time. Usually measured in amperes.
Ideal voltage source
A dynamic pump. A pressure meter on both sides shows that when this kind of pump is driven at a constant speed, the difference in pressure stays constant.
Ideal current source
A positive displacement pump. A current meter (little paddle wheel) shows that when this kind of pump is driven at a constant speed, it maintains a constant speed of the little paddle wheel.
A simple pipe with a constricted region.
Resistor
A constriction in the bore of the pipe which requires more pressure to pass the same amount of water. All pipes have some resistance to flow, just like all wires have some resistance to current.
A simple one-way ball-type check valve, in its "open" state.
Diode
Equivalent to a one-way check valve with a slightly leaky valve seat. Like a diode, too much reverse bias can damage or destroy the valve assembly.
A flexible-sided rubberized tank with diaphragm.
Capacitor
A small rubber tank or thick-walled balloon with one hole at each end and a rubber sheet dividing the tank in two lengthwise. In the case of a polarized capacitor, a leaky valve is contained in each end, one positioned to let water in, the other to let water out. The amount the valve leaks is roughly equivalent to how loosely polarized the capacitor is.
Inductor
A heavy paddle wheel placed in the current. The mass of the wheel and the size of the blades restrict the water's ability to rapidly change its rate of flow (current) through the wheel due to the effects of inertia, but, given time, a constant flowing stream will pass mostly unimpeded through the wheel, as it turns at the same speed as the water flow. The mass and surface area of the wheel and its blades is analogous to inductance, and friction between its axle and the axle bearings correspond to the resistance that accompanies any real inductor.
An alternative Inductor model is simply a long pipe; this device is used in real life as an essential component of a hydraulic ram. The inertia of the water flowing through the pipe produces the inductance effect. The drag imposed by the walls of the pipe is somewhat analogous to parasitic resistance.
A pressure-actuated valve combined with a one-way check valve.
Transistor
A valve in which a diaphragm controlled by a low-current signal (either constant current BJT, or constant pressure FET) moves a plunger which affects the current through another section of pipe.
CMOS
A combination of two MOSFET transistors. As the input pressure changes, the pistons allow the output to connect to either zero or positive pressure.
Memristor
A needle valve operated by a flow meter. As water flows through in the forward direction, the needle valve restricts flow more; as water flows the other direction, the needle valve opens further providing less resistance.
Like a one-way check valve, a diode blocks current that flows the wrong way. Current that flows the right way goes through almost unchanged.
A simple A/C circuit consisting of an oscillating pump, a "diode" valve, and a "capacitor" tank. Any kind of motor could be used here to drive the pump, as long as it oscillates.
Principle equivalents
EM wave speed (velocity of propagation)
Speed of sound in water. When a light switch is flipped, the electric wave travels very quickly through the wires.
Charge flow speed
Particle speed of water. The moving charges themselves move rather slowly.
DC
Constant flow of water in a circuit of pipe
Low frequency AC
Water oscillating back and forth in a pipe
Higher-frequency AC and transmission lines
Sound being transmitted through the water pipes
Inductive spark
Used in induction coils, similar to water hammer, caused by the inertia of water
See also Bond graph.
Equation examples
Some examples of equivalent electrical and hydraulic equations:
type
hydraulic
electric
thermal
quantity
volume V [m3]
charge q [C]
heat Q [J]
potential
pressure p [Pa=J/m3]
potential [V=J/C]
temperature T [K=J/kB]
flux
current V [m3/s]
current I [A=C/s]
heat transfer rate [J/s]
flux density
velocity v [m/s]
current density j [C/(m2s) = A/m]
heat flux [W/m2]
linear model
Poiseuille's law
Ohm's law
Fourier's law
Limits to the analogy
If taken too far, the water analogy can create misconceptions. For it to be useful, we must remain aware of the regions where electricity and water behave very differently.
Fields
Electrons can push or pull other distant electrons via their fields, while water molecules experience forces only from direct contact with other molecules. For this reason, waves in water travel at the speed of sound, but waves in a sea of charge will travel much faster as the forces from one electron are applied to many distant electrons and not to only the neighbors in direct contact. In a hydraulic transmission line, the energy flows as mechanical waves through the water, but in an electric transmission line the energy flows as fields in the space surrounding the wires, and does not flow inside the metal. Also, an accelerating electron will drag its neighbors along while attracting them, both because of magnetic forces.
Charge
Unlike water, electric charge can be positive or negative. The charge carriers in electric currents are usually electrons, but sometimes they are positively charged particles.
Leaking pipes
If a hole is made in a hydraulic system, the water can leak out. But the movable charges present within electrical conductors are always attracted to unmoving opposite charges in the material. The "electric fluid" can be forcibly removed from metals, but enormous voltages arise if even a tiny amount is removed. For this reason, the surfaces of conductors act as if they always have a high energy-barrier preventing leaks. Also for this reason, continuing electric currents require closed loops rather than hydraulics' open source/sink resembling spigots and buckets.
Fluid Velocity
As with water hoses, the carrier drift velocity in conductors is directly proportional to current. However, charges' velocity within a conductor is typically less than centimeters per minute, and the "electrical friction" is extremely high. If charges ever flowed as fast as water can flow in pipes, the amperage would be immense, and the conductors would become incandescently hot and perhaps vaporize. To model the resistance and the charge-velocity of metals, perhaps a very narrow straw would be a better analogy than a typically sized pipe.
Quantum Mechanics
Conductors and insulators contain charges at more than one quantized level of atomic orbit energy, while the water in one region of a pipe can only have a single value of pressure. For this reason there is no hydraulic explanation for such things as a battery's charge pumping ability, a diode's voltage drop, solar cell functions, Peltier effect, etc, however equivalent devices can be designed which exhibit similar responses, although some of the mechanisms would only serve to regulate the flow curves rather than to contribute to the component's primary function.
Notes
^ A. Akers, M. Gassman, & R. Smith, Hydraulic Power System Analysis. Taylor & Francis, New York, 2006, Chapter 13, ISBN 0-8247-9956-9.
^ A. Esposito, "A Simplified Method for Analyzing Circuits by Analogy". Machine Design, October 1969, pp. 173-177.
^ http://amasci.com/emotor/cap1.html
See also
Fluidics
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hydraulic analogy
Good analogy
Hyperphysics
Hyperphysics 2 Doesn't have the confusing reservoir.
With animations! The paddle behaves like a resistor if the paddle itself is massless and has friction, and like an inductor if it is frictionless and has mass. Also has equivalent equations.
Ohm's law
Capacitor analogy
Newsgroup thread with lots of good analogies and a few bad ones
Acceptable analogy
Understanding Electricity an analogy with water
Water analogy to transistors Slightly better version would be something like an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve
Basic circuit theory
Measuring electricity
Plumbing analogy
Animation
Categories: Electronics and society | Electronics terms
Hydroxymethylfurfural
China Suppliers
Production
Related to the production of furfural, HMF can be produced from sugars. It arises via the dehydration of fructose, a technology that is evolving through new extraction methods. In this new method, fructose is treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid and the HMF (very water-soluble) is continuously extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone as an organic phase at 180 C. The aqueous phase is modified with DMSO and PVP, which minimizes the formation of side product. The organic phase is modified with 2-butanol in order to improve the yield of HMF in the organic phase. In an optimized system for fructose (but not raw biomass), conversion is 77%, with half the HMF ending up in the organic phase. Removing the (high boiling) solvents remains an issue.
In the image above are displayed in a series of chemical equilibria: fructopyranose 1, fructofuranose 2, two intermediate stages of dehydration (not isolated) 3,4 and finally HMF 5. stool softener
In June 2007, researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory reported a process (using chromium chloride as catalyst) to directly convert both fructose (yielding 90%+) and glucose (yielding 70%+) into an HMF, leaving very little residual impurities. In April 2009, a single-step process for converting cellulose directly into HMF (yielding 55% at 96% purity) was outlined by researchers from the same laboratory. The chromium chloride catalyzes the conversion of glucose into fructose. krill oil
Uses agave nectar
HMF can be converted to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), which is a liquid biofuel that in certain ways is superior to ethanol. Oxidation of HMF also gives 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, which has been proposed as a replacement terephthalic acid for the production of plastics.
5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5HMF) has been found to bind specifically with intracellular sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Preliminary in vivo studies using transgenic sickle mice showed that orally administered 5HMF inhibits the formation of sickled cells in the blood.
As a contaminant
HMF can form in honey and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) when heated. This is a problem for American beekeepers because they use HFCS as a source of sugar when there are not enough nectar sources to feed the honeybees, and HMF is toxic to them. Adding bases such as soda ash or potash to neutralize the HFCS slows down the formation of HMF.
History
This organic compound was studied by French chemist Louis Maillard in 1912 in studies on non-enzymatic reactions of glucose.
References
^ Huber, G. W.; Iborra, S.; Corma, A. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 4044 - 4098. doi:10.1021/cr068360d
^ MIT Technology Review
^ terradaily.com News Article
^ Yuriy Romn-Leshkov, Juben N. Chheda, James A. Dumesic (2006). "Phase Modifiers Promote Efficient Production of Hydroxymethylfurfural from Fructose". Science 312 (5782): 19331937. doi:10.1126/science.1126337. PMID 16809536.
^ Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (2007-06-14). "Plastic that grows on trees". Press release. http://www.pnl.gov/news/release.asp?id=255.
^ Haibo Zhao, Johnathan E. Holladay, Heather Brown, Z. Conrad Zhang (2007). "Metal Chlorides in Ionic Liquid Solvents Convert Sugars to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural". Science 316 (5782): 15971600. doi:10.1126/science.1141199. PMID 17569858.
^ ScienceDirect
^ Antisickling activityPMID : 15686467
^ Leblanc et al. Formation of Hydroxymethylfurfural in Domestic High-Fructose Corn Syrup and Its Toxicity to the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera). J. Agric. Food Chem., 2009, 57 (16), pp 73697376. DOI: 10.1021/jf9014526
Categories: Aldehydes | Furans
