Monday, July 27, 2009

Bolted joint for Nuts And Screw

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Bolted joint

Screw joint

Stud joint
Bolted joints are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. They consist of cap screws or studs that capture and join other parts, and are secured with the mating of screw threads.
There are two main types of bolted joint designs. In one method the bolt is tightened to a calculated clamp load, usually by applying a measured torque load. The joint will be designed such that the clamp load is never overcome by the forces acting on the joint (and therefore the joined parts see no relative motion).
The other type of bolted joint does not have a designed clamp load but relies on the shear strength of the bolt shaft. This may include clevis linkages, joints that can move, and joints that rely on locking mechanism (like lock washers, thread adhesives, and lock nuts).
Contents
1 Theory
1.1 Thread strength
2 Setting the torque
3 Property class
4 Failure modes
5 Locking mechanisms
6 Measurement of frictional torque of threads in bolt
7 Bolt banging
8 International standards
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Notes
10.2 Bibliography
11 External links
//
Theory
The clamp load, also called preload, of a cap screw is created when a torque is applied, and is generally a percentage of the cap screw's proof strength. Cap screws are manufactured to various standards that define, among other things, their strength and clamp load. Torque charts are available that identify the required torque for cap screws based on their property class.
When a cap screw is tightened it is stretched, and the parts that are captured are compressed. The result is a spring-like assembly. External forces are designed to act on the parts that have been compressed, and not on the cap screw.
The result is a non-intuitive distribution of strain; in this engineering model, as long as the forces acting on the compressed parts do not exceed the clamp load, the cap screw doesn't see any increased load. This model is only valid when the members under compression are much stiffer than the capscrew.
This is a simplified model. In reality the bolt will see a small fraction of the external load prior to it exceeding the clamp load, depending on the compressed parts' stiffness with respect to the hardware's stiffness.
The results of this type of joint design are:
Greater preloads in bolted joints reduce the fatigue loading of the hardware.
For cyclic loads, the bolt does not see the full amplitude of the load. As a result, fatigue life can be increased or, if the material exhibits an endurance limit, extended indefinitely.
As long as the external loads on a joint don't exceed the clamp load, the hardware doesn't see any motion and will not come loose (no locking mechanisms are required).
In the case of the compressed member being less stiff than the hardware (soft, compressed gaskets for example) this analogy doesn't hold true. The load seen by the hardware is the preload plus the external load.
Thread strength
Nut threads are designed to support the rated clamp load of their respective bolts. If tapped threads are used instead of a nut, then their strength needs to be calculated. Steel hardware into tapped steel threads requires a depth of 1.5 thread diameter to support the full clamp load.
If an appropriate depth of threads is not available, or the threads are in a weaker material than the cap screw, then the clamp load (and torque) needs to be derated appropriately.
Threads are usually created on a thread rolling machine. They may also be cut with a lathe, tap or die. Rolled threads are about 40% stronger than cut threads.
Setting the torque
Engineered joints require the torque to be accurately set. Setting the torque for cap screws is commonly achieved using a torque wrench. The required torque value for a particular screw application may be quoted in the published standard document or defined by the manufacturer.
The clamp load produced during tightening is higher than 75% of the fastener's proof load. To achieve the benefits of the pre-loading, the clamping force in the screw must be higher than the joint separation load. For some joints a number of screws are required to secure the joint, these are all hand tightened before the final torque is applied to ensure an even joint seating.
The torque value is dependent on the friction between the threads and beneath the bolt or nut head, this friction can be affected by the application of a lubricant or any plating (e.g. cadmium or zinc) applied to the screw threads. The screw standard will define whether the torque value is for a dry or lubricated screw thread. If a screw is torqued rather than the nut then the torque value should be increased to compensate for the...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about chi hair straightening iron, doorbell intercom, wood executive desks, multimedia car stereo, gps auto navigation system, welding hood, camera baby monitor, hydraulic pressure gauge, pda car charger, medical sterilization, . The metal brad products should be show more here!

Peter Schmidt (artist) for Wood Shelf Brackets

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The Road to the Crater
Peter Schmidt (17 May 1931 22 January 1980) was a Berlin-born British artist, painter, theoretician of color and composition, pioneering multimedia exhibitor and an influential teacher. He was part of a generation of art school teachers in the 1960s and 1970s that had great impact on some students who later went on to work in art and music. He worked with Hansj?rg Mayer, Brian Eno, Mark Boyle and had associations with Russell Mills, David Toop and Tom Phillips.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Works
3 Publications
4 Exhibitions
5 Miscellaneous
6 Quotes
7 Peter Schmidt Prints
8 References
9 External links
//
Biography
Peter Schmidt was born 17 May 1931 in Berlin, moved to England in 1938, and began painting in 1947. He studied at the Goldsmiths College from 1951-1953, and Slade School from 1953-1957. He won the Abbey Minor Travelling Scholarship 1957-58, which was spent in Sicily. On his return to England, he painted directly from objects and people, mainly in oils. His work was exhibited at Beaux Arts, with his first one man show in 1961. He was the subject of a film called DEPARTURES made for BBC TV in 1961. In 1963 he began a concept of painting he called PROGRAM. He produced a series of works inspired by music exhibited in a one man show at the Curwin Gallery 1966 . By this time his work had become totally abstract and he was focusing on ideas and systems. He performed an electronic music event called A PAINTERS USE OF SOUND at the ICA in 1967. Other music and performance work were at the Bristol Arts Centre, the UFO Club and, the Cochrane Theatre. He was also working with Mark Boyle a t that time, performing in "Son et Lumiere" also at the Cochrane. He performed ELECTRONIC SOUP MIX in 1969 at the Curwin Gallery, and FILM SOUND MIXES at the ICA.
In 1972 he produced a series of 64 drawings based on hexagrams of the I Ching. One of his last creative explorations in non figuative work was a series of abstract paintings, which were illuminated by a special shifting colour light box, the electronics of which were specially designed. At this point his work gradually started to become figurative once more. In 1975 he had an exhibition at the Whitechapel Art Gallery.
For 12 years Peter Schmidt explored many media and ideas, he produced a huge amount of work including books, prints, film, sound and painting. For the rest of his life he painted in water colour, spending extended periods in Skye, Scotland, and in Iceland painting landscapes. Although representational, Peter's approach was to use his theory of colour and composition developed previously. In other words, to create both an abstract and figurative painting in one. The last exhibition Peter Schmidt planned called More Than Nothing, at Paul Ide Gallery in Brussels, was of collaborative works with Brian Eno. Among the works shown was the first generative light box, a watercolour painting of Eno called "Portrait of Eno with Allusions", several Tiger Mountain prints, the French edition of the oracle card set called Oblique Strategies, and etchings created just for this exhibit.
However, he died suddenly while on holiday in the Canary Islands, on La Gomera, of a heart attack on 22 January 1980, just days before the opening.
Works
Peter Schmidt met Brian Eno as a visiting lecturer at Ipswich art school in the late 1960s and later became a friend and collaborator. They found they had both independently arrived at a system of using little quotes and axioms to overcome artistic obstacles. They combined efforts to publish the Oblique Strategies cards in 1975. Brian Eno commented on Schmidt. The Oblique Strategies seem to have been an out growth of Schmidt's own "Thoughts Behind The Thoughts".
Peter Schmidt has two prints from 1971, both called "Flowing in the Right Direction" in the Tate Collection. Five of Schmidt's Monoprints from late 1968 are in the UK Government Art Collection that maintains and exhibits works in various government buildings. Several of these Monoprints can be seen in the James Bond 007 film "Her Majesty's Secret Service".
Schmidt created 1500 different silk screen portraits of Brian Eno, four of which are used on the cover of the LP Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy). The Robert Fripp and Brian Eno LP Evening Star has on its cover a Schmidt painting.
Brian Eno included four watercolor prints of Schmidt's work with the first edition of his LP Before and after Science and famously wrote in its liner notes: "Apart from our collaboration on this record, Peter and I have been working together and comparing notes for some time. In 1975 we produced a boxed set of oracle cards called "Oblique Strategies", which were used extensively in the making of this record."
Schmidt created the water color painting, "Portrait of Eno with Allusions" originally considered for the...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about earth moving machinery, tow truck model, kinky hair weave, memory card pro, spin dryer, sound proof door, optical fiber connector, ozonator spa, sweater lady, coin purse mens, . The Cushion Gum / Self-Vulcanizing Cushion Gum products should be show more here!

HyperSizer for beam load cell

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Contents
1 HyperSizer Composite & Laminate Analysis Software
1.1 Software
1.2 Analyses
1.3 Progressive Design Process
1.4 Supported File Formats
1.5 Some Projects & Users
1.6 Product Modules
1.7 Software Specifications
1.8 External links
//
HyperSizer Composite & Laminate Analysis Software
HyperSizer is a composite material analysis software providing stress analysis and preliminary structural design for weight reduction, system level trade studies, and part sizing including sizing stiffened panel cross-sectional dimensions, material selection, and optimum composite layup stacking. HyperSizer performs detailed failure analyses and reporting as a post process to a loads finite element model (FEM).
It is an enterprise tool used by both designers and stress analysts from early concept to final design.
For over a decade, HyperSizer has significantly reduced weight on major aerospace programs with rapid analysis and composite optimization. Originally developed at NASA, it now greatly enhanced and supported as a commercial product worldwide. HyperSizer is not CAD and is not finite element analysis (FEA).
Software
HyperSizer is a software system for management of all data associated with the structural analysis and test data of a major aircraft program. Multiple databases can be setup, with each database able to contain hundreds of variations of an airframe configuration (i.e. different FEMs), material properties, panel and beam concepts, dimensions, and loads. This approach provides apples-to-apples weight prediction comparisons, and a guaranteed store of all margins-of-safety for every configuration. The database also provides an organized and efficient means to capture essential data related to a project with a guaranteed ability to immediately locate and retrieve historical data. Stress reports can be generated at the click of a button at any time documenting current status of a project, indicating critical margins, critical load cases, and critical structural parts.
Analyses
HyperSizer performs hundreds of different analyses such as panel buckling, crippling, beam-column, bonded and bolted joint, composite strength to damage initiation and damage tolerance criteria, etc. for the entire vehicle from engine nacelles to airframe surface panels and substructure. The figure illustrates how HyperSizer imports a FEM and manages all data associated with a configuration. Wing spars and ribs can consider a range of materials and panel concepts that are different than the subset of user determined design options for the wing skins and fuselage body. HyperSizer also analyses and optimizes internal beams such as spar caps and many other open and closed shapes. A primary foundational capability of HyperSizer is to accurately analyze any panel concept without the need to discretely mesh with finite elements the shape of the stiffeners or their spacing. This permits tremendous flexibility and rapid turn around of trades with different panel concepts all from the same coarsely meshed FEM.
Progressive Design Process
The HyperSizer Progressive Design Process consists of three activities. All three activities can interact with each other throughout design maturation. HyperSizer provides unique automation and integration capabilities to each of these design activities.
A funneling process performed in stages to target an optimum design. Innovative ack to the drawing board concepts are proposed, evaluated, and filtered out for the next stage of the design maturation process.
An incremental process of including more computationally demanding analysis solutions starting with damage initiation, tracking the progression of failure, and ending with the resulting residual strength at ultimate failure.
An incremental process of including more design detail, such as bonded and bolted joints, ply drop-offs, etc. for both optimization and analysis.
Supported File Formats
.hdb HyperSizer Database.hmr HyperSizer Material Report.hve HyperSizer Verification DocumentStress reports are outputted in either Microsoft Word format or HTML for ease of viewing and distribution.
Some Projects & Users
NASALangley Research Center (Hampton, VA) Marshall Space Flight Center (Huntsville, AL) Glenn Research Center (Cleveland, OH) Johnson Space Center (Houston, TX) Ames Research Center (Moffett Field, CA)
BoeingHuntington Beach, CA (Integrated Defense & Space) Seattle, WA (Commercial Airplanes) Seattle, WA (Integrated Defense Systems) Phantom Works (Aerospace R&D) Houston, TX (NASA Systems)
Lockheed MartinDenver, CO (Space Systems) Marietta, GA (Aeronautics) New Orleans, LA (Michoud Space Systems) Palmdale, CA (Aeronautics Skunk Works) Fort Worth, TX (Aeronautics) Syracuse, NY (Maritime Systems & Sensors) Northrop Grumman El...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about quad graphics cards, child t shirt, dog rope toy, bulletproof cars, best canister vacuum, light marine, zero gravity lawn chair, used car rims, mechanical kitchen scale, pump pressure gauge, . The Phone Straps and Charms . Crown Tiara Antenna Charm products should be show more here!

Metabo for Electric Angle Grinder

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Metabowerke GmbH
Type
GmbH
Founded
1924
Headquarters
Ntingen, Germany
Key people
Dr. Johannes Haupt
Products
Professional power tools
Employees
2.400
Metabowerke GmbH is a manufacturer of a sizeable range of professional power tools.

Product catalogue from the 1930s
The company was founded in 1924 by Albrecht Schnizler, Julius Closs and Walter Rauch (originally under the name Schnizler GmbH but renamed in 1932) and is based in Ntingen, Germany. In 2005 Metabo had 2,400 employees, of which 1460 were employed in Ntingen. The turnover of the company in 2006 was 392 million euros. More than 500 patents and utility models (Gebrauchsmuster) have been registered[citation needed].
In 1928 Metabo started with the production of their first bench drilling machines, hand sanders, braces, and the first universal drill, sanding and polishing machines equipped with circular saws. In 1934 followed their first electric hand drill and in 1936 their first geared chucks. They produced their first hammer drill in 1957 and the first hammer drill with electronic speed regulation in 1969. The first 1000 watt hammer drill with electronic speed stabilisation followed in 1981. In 1982 Metabo built a plant for the production of grinding disks in West Chester, Pennsylvania (USA). Several new developments came about in the following years: the winding protection grid (1987), the Metabo Quick System for angle grinders (1988), impulse technology (for precise drilling) (1996) and a fast paint stripper (1997).
Through takeovers, the Metabo Group has become in 1999 the number 1 in the market for woodworking machines in Europe and number 2 worldwide.
Metabo now sells their electric power tools in more than 100 countries and some of their machines are being used in the most extreme conditions.
Other uses
"Metabo" is also slang in Japanese for metabolic syndrome. Someone is called "Metabo" if they are obese.
Notes
^ Dates and facts
^ History of Metabo
External links
Official website
Metabo homepage
US website

This German corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Woodworking stubs | German company stubs | German brands | Tool manufacturers | Woodworking hand-held power tools
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