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Differences between manualism and oralism
Manualism
Manualism is the education of deaf students using sign language within the classroom. The type of manual language used in the United States is American Sign Language (ASL). The manual language, ASL, was considered a real language in the 1960s by William C. Stokoe. Stokoe invented five parts of the manual language which includes: handshapes, orientation, location, movement, and facial expression, in which all the meanings of the signs are portrayed through facial expressions. To the Deaf community, manualism is viewed as the most natural way of communication for deaf people and is viewed to be easily learned. Manualism is the traditional way of communication which makes sign language be considered as more natural and more expressive. Manualism is the technique and education for the deaf students that is mostly in use today. hi viz vests
Oralism led safety vest
Oralism is the education of deaf students that came into popular use in the United States around the late 1860s with Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts being the first school in 1867 to start teaching in this manner. Oralism is the education of deaf students that uses spoken language consisting of lip reading, speech, the process of watching mouth movements, and mastering breathing techniques , with the restriction of sign language within the classroom. The time of oralism is considered by some to be the "dark ages for the deaf people in America". The Deaf community views oralism as a failure and believes it stunts the deaf people mental growth and achievements. fluorescent vest
Since the beginning of formal deaf education in the 18th century in the United States, manualism and oralism have been on opposing sides of a heated debate that continues to this day. The debate of whether or how deaf children should be taught started before even Socrates, Aristotle, and St. Augustine, but it was not until later when the issue was debated in the United States.
Historical perspective
The forms of manualism and oralism education for deaf people could be considered to be due to the cultural constructs that were taking place during American history that changed the views on how the hearing community viewed deafness which in turn constituted how deaf individuals were to be educated.
Manualism
Before the 1860s and before the Civil War, manual language was very popular in the Deaf community and also supported by the hearing community. The hearing community viewed deafness as isolating] the individual from the Christian community. At the time, the American people were very religious (notably Christian), and the hearing-advantaged believed that sign language opened deaf individuals minds and souls to God. Through this, the hearing community believed that manualism brought deaf people closer to God and opened deaf people to the gospel, which brought manualism general acceptance. Prior to the 1860s, the American hearing community viewed manualism, sign language, as an art, and naturally beautiful. They also thought of deaf people who signed as being like the Romans because of the pantomimes that are a part of the language. An important manualist was Laurent Clerc who brought his signs to the American Deaf community and was the irst deaf person to teach deaf students in the United States. Other defining individuals for the manualist side included Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and his son Edward Miner Gallaudet. Edward Miner Gallaudet strongly believed in the use of sign language and had a number of arguments with Alexander Graham Bell, an oralist. The first school for the Deaf community, opened by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet with the help of Laurent Clerc, was built in 1817 Named the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, at Hartford, Connecticut, it was a manualist school taught by mostly male teachers. The teaching of manualism continued to be used in schools for the deaf until the late 1860s.
By the end of the Civil War, in the late 1860s, the argument for urvival of the Fittest was applied to the issue of education for the deaf as a result of a Darwinist perspective of Evolution. This movement brought manualists argue their view that signs were closer to nature because the first thing babies learn to do is gesture, which is sign To the Deaf community, manualism was at the time considered a gift from God. During this particular time in America, oralism was coming about which gave some a negative view of manualism because it was argued that it was not a real language.
Oralism
Support for oralism gained momentum in the late 1860s and the use of manualism started to decrease. Many in the hearing community were now in favor of the Evolutionary perspective which made deaf people who used manual language like ower animals. Some hearing people viewed speech as what separated humans from animals which in turn caused manual language be viewed as un-humanlike. At that time the teaching of manual language was restricted because the American hearing society saw deaf people who used it as different, as foreigners, or as a group with a separate language that was a threat to the hearing society. Members of the hearing community who were in favor of oralism took offense to deaf people having their own group identity and refusing to integrate within the greater community. Oralists believed that the manual language made deaf people different which in turn led them to believe that deaf people were abnormal and they believed that the teaching of oralism allowed deaf children to be more normal. Oralists strongly believed that deaf children should to put as much effort as possible into learning how to live in spite of their disabilities, which is why oralist promote the teaching of lip reading, mouth movements, and use of hearing technology. Oralists also argued that if deaf people continued the use of manual language as their form of communication than they would never integrate with the rest of society.
A model figure for oralism and against the usage of sign language was Alexander Graham Bell. Two other American men who encouraged the start up of oralism schools in the United States were Horance Mann and Samuel Gridley Howe who went to Germany to see how their oral schools were set up and wished to model it. The first schools for oralism opened in the 1860s were called, The New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes, and The Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes. The job of deaf educators in the oralist schools, who were mostly women, was to prepare the deaf children for life in the hearing world; this required them to learn English, speech, and lipreading. These Oralist schools restricted the deaf students use of American Sign Language (ASL) in class and in public. If teachers or citizens of the community saw a deaf child use manual signs the student was punished. One type of punishment used on deaf students was to force them to wear white gloves that were tied together to prevent them from using signs.
Some deaf individuals' perspective of oralism
Many members of the deaf population in the United States opposed the oralist belief that deaf people should learn English, speech, and lip-reading. Leaders of the manualist movement, including Edward M. Gallaudet, argued against the teaching of oralism because it restricted the ability of deaf students to communicate in their natural language. Oralists wanted to ban the use of sign language all together because they believed it prevented deaf people from integrating with the hearing community. Deaf people were opposed to this because, ttempts to eliminate sign language were tantamount to stripping them of their identity, their community, and their culture.
Even though the deaf students were not allowed to use manual signs within the classroom, many of the deaf students preferred manual signs and used them frequently in their dorm rooms. Deaf people during this time had to hide signing behind closed doors even though it was the most efficient way of communicating. Eventually, oralism failed. The deaf children were considered as ral failures because they could not pick up the language. Many deaf individuals thought that the techniques of oralism actually limited them on what they were taught because they always had to concentrate on the way the words were formed, not what they meant. Many deaf students viewed oralism as frustrating, time consuming, a total waste of their education time, and worst of all discouraging. A mother of a deaf child commented on an oralist school, ll they did was work on speech. No history, social studies, or even math. Talking isn that important to me. With oralist education, the only truly successful students, who were known as emi-mutes, were those individuals who became deaf later in life and had a background knowledge of English and spoken language. This unfavorable teaching technique for deaf people lasted until the 1970s. Oralism began to decline because esearch found that oralism was a complete failure . The teaching of manualism is more popular today, but now with English coding.
The learning process debate
The manualists claim that the oralists neglect the psychosocial development of deaf children. In their training in articulation, which requires long tedious practice, oralism leaves students with less time and energy to advance academically and socially. The oralist techniques can consist of the deaf student touching the teacher face, throat, and chest to feel the vibrations of sounds and to watch the teacher lips move during each sound. On many occasions, with this teaching method, students could often mix up the letters being taught to them by the teacher. This shows how difficult strict oralist education was to the deaf students. The result is inadequate skills and often poor speaking ability despite the great effort invested. Manualists feel what is most important is giving deaf children a visual-motor language they can truly master so as to enable their intellect to develop normally.
Oralists claim that manualists neglect the residual hearing in deaf children and that their emphasis on sign language isolates them from wider culture and hearing family members, thus serving to restrict them to limited subculture that leaves them unable to succeed in the general population. While this used to be true the general change in attitude toward Deaf and Hard of Hearing people, the advent of various alternative communication devices, as well as Federal and State laws protecting their rights have given rise to greater accessibility has meant greater inclusion in many areas of American life. They also point out that only a tiny percentage of the general population can use sign language, although some studies have shown that ASL (American Sign Language) is the third most used language after English and Spanish.[citation needed] However it is a great achievement that many deaf children may not accomplish due to the great degree of time and effort involved. This may change with the use of new computer speech instruction methods with visual feedback capabilities that can assist the Deaf speaker's articulations and improve their sound production with much less time and effort involved. Similarly, Speech Reading (aka lip reading) can also be done with computer programs at greater efficiency. Either method, old and new, still requires a great desire on the part of the Deaf person to achieve a working ability.
Further evidence
There has been research performed to evaluate deaf children learning abilities in relation to whether their parents were able to hear or deaf. Deaf children of deaf parents tend to use the manual language and deaf children of hearing parents more than likely use techniques from the oral method. The research had the deaf children tested on their ntellectual functioning, ommunicative functioning, and ocial functioning. The results concluded from the research that deaf children of deaf parents, who use manual language, tended to perform better in peech reading ability, peech aptitude, and ppropriate behavior than deaf children of hearing parents. The researchers also included that manual communication does not prevent the learning of speech and lipreading in children but in fact could aid in the development of the two. The researcher further implies that the combination of oralism and manualism is an efficient way for the teaching of deaf children and should be considered as an educational technique.
References
^ Baynton, 4
^ Bauman, H-Dirksen, ed. Open Your Eyes. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 2008. 15.
^ Batson, Trent, Eugene Bergman, ed. he Deaf Mute Howls. Angels and Outcast: An Anthology of Deaf Characters in Literature. 272.
^ Baynton, 109.
^ a b Baynton
^ Through Deaf Eyes. Diane Garey, Lawrence R. Hott. DVD, Pbs (Direct), 2007.
^ Through Deaf Eyes
^ Winefield, Richard. Never the Twain Shall Meet. Washington, D.C: Gallaudet University Press, 1987. 4.
^ 11. Baynton, 15.
^ 12. Baynton, 15.
^ 13. Baynton.
^ 14. Baynton.
^ 15. Winefield.
^ 18. Baynton
^ 19. Baynton, 127
^ 20. Baynton, 109
^ 21. Baynton.
^ 22. Baynton
^ 23. Baynton
^ 24. Baynton, 29.
^ 25. Winefield
^ 26. Winefield, 108.
^ 28. Winefield, 3.
^ 29. Winefield, 3.
^ 30. Winefield, 7.
^ 31. Winefield, 22.
^ a b 32. Through Deaf Eyes
^ a b 35. Winefield, 22.
^ 37. Winefield, 24.
^ a b 39. Through Deaf Eyes
^ 41. Batson, Trent, Eugene Bergman, ed., 281.
^ 42. Winefield, 105.
^ 43. Batson, Trent, Eugene Bergman, ed., 273.
^ 44. Baynton, 155.
^ 44. Baynton, 156.
^ a b 47. Batson, Trent, Eugene Bergman, ed., 281.
Categories: Deafness | Philosophy of educationHidden categories: NPOV disputes from April 2009 | Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2009 | All articles needing style editing | Articles needing cleanup from December 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles with limited geographic scope | USA-centric | Articles to be split from April 2009 | All articles to be split | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008
Monday, May 10, 2010
Manualism and oralism
Kid Kilowatt
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History
Kid Kilowatt was initially created as "Ester of Wood Rosin" by Cave In's Steve Brodsky in August 1996, "inspired by [his] love for Giants Chair and [his] need for an alter-ego to Cave In". He recruited Adam McGrath, also of Cave In, on bass guitar, local drummer Matt Redmond and Piebald guitarist and vocalist Aaron Stuart. Brodsky took the role of guitarist and lead vocalist, and with this line-up they, in the words of Brodsky, "began to formulate some good ol' sappy-but-not-too-sappy rock n' roll tunes".
They wrote the first material destined for Guitar Method within the first few months, including "Teg Nugent" and "the original, 9 minute long opus version" of "Tug of War". In Autumn 1996, they recorded a four-song demo with Kurt Ballou at his 8-track home studio, GodCity. Brodsky hand-crafted the demo inserts in his high school graphic arts room, and about 400 copies of the demo were pressed. According to Brodsky, they were "gone in no time". In Spring 1997, Aaron Stuart left the band in order to concentrate on his primary project, Piebald. Kurt Ballou, of Converge, who had recorded and produced their prior 4-track demo, joined the band in his stead, and they renamed the band "Kid Kilowatt". The name was inspired by a Guided by Voices song entitled "Cool Off Kid Kilowatt", from their 1993 album Vampire on Titus. aluminum curtain track
Now with Ballou as a full-time member, the band re-developed songs written Stuart, including "The Bicycle Song", "7th Inning Song Formation", "The Scope", "Peeping Tomboy" and "Red Carpet", and resumed writing with "Radio Pow for Now". In their first show as Kid Kilowatt, they performed with Brodsky's "heroes", Giants Chair, in his home town of Methuen, Massachusetts. For the following six or seven months, all the band members were preposessed with other musical projects, resulting in infrequent rehearsal and intermittent live performance. They did play live during this period, however, performing with bands including Piebald, Jejune, and Regulator Watts. revolving tie rack
They recorded as Kid Kilowatt only once before the official demise of the band, in July 1997. During this session, they recorded "Bicycle Song" and "The Scope" on Ballou's 8-track machine; this version of "Bicycle Song" appeared on Hydra Head Records CD sampler Volume 1. curtain rod shelf
After Brodsky joined Converge, whilst still a member of Cave In, in 1997, the amount of time being devoted to Kid Kilowatt began to wane. Matt Redmond had moved to New Hampshire also, causing "enthusiasm for the band to fizzle". They played what would be their last show in January 1998 at the Met Cafe in Providence, Rhode Island. Soon after that show, Brodsky left Converge in order to devote all his time to Cave In, now as, not only the guitarist, but as the vocalist. McGrath and Ballou continued their duties with Cave In and Converge, respectively, and Redmond joined a new band called Eulcid. As Brodsky eulogises: "There was simply no time left in our schedules for Kid Kilowatt and the band collapsed".
In November 1998, the band decided to try to record everything they had written as a band. Recording continued at GodCity until October 1999, occurring "completely sporadically; a week night here and there, maybe a full day during one weekend of a month or two". Brodsky describes this as "quite evident from the sound of the record". During these sessions, new material was composed, including "Memorial Drive", "Glass of Shattered Youth", "Cadence for a Rainy Day" and "Cadence for the Desert Sun". The last Kid Kilowatt song ever recorded was the album version of "Tug of War". The record was mastered at M-works in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Members
Kurt Ballou guitar
Steve Brodsky guitar, vocals
Adam McGrath bass
Matt Redmond drums
Aaron Stuart guitar
Discography
EPs
Hit Single (2001)
Albums
Guitar Method (2004)
References
^ a b c d "Kid Kilowatt". cavein.net. http://www.cavein.net/disc/_kid_kilowatt.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
^ Sharpe-Young (2005), p. 79.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brodsky, Steve; Ballou, Kurt. "Second Nature Recordings ::KID KILOWATT". Second Nature Recordings. http://www.secondnaturerecordings.com/reborn/info.php?bandname=Kid%20Kilowatt. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
^ a b c d "Kid Kilowatt "Guitar Method" CD/LP". cavein.net. http://www.cavein.net/disc/hh66648.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
Sharpe-Young, Garry (2005). New Wave of American Heavy Metal. New Plymouth: Zonda. ISBN 0958268401.
Categories: 1990s music groups | Musical groups established in 1996 | Musical groups disestablished in 1997 | Supergroups | American alternative rock groups
Big White Ski Resort
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www.bigwhite.com
Big White Ski Resort, or simply Big White, is a ski resort located 56 km (35 mi) southeast of Kelowna in the Southern Interior of British Columbia. Located on Big White Mountain, the highest summit in the Okanagan Highland, an upland area between the Monashee Mountains and the Okanagan Valley, it is the second largest resort in British Columbia after Whistler-Blackcomb and is the sister resort of Silver Star Mountain Resort.
The mountain summit is at 2,319 m (7,608 ft) with a vertical drop of 777 m (2,549 ft), serviced by 16 lifts. The mountain receives 750 cm of annual snowfall. It has 2,765 acres (11 km2) of overall skiable terrain. With 38 acres (150,000 m2) of night skiing, Big White has western Canada's largest resort night skiing area. It has a central village which comprises accommodation, eateries, bars and shops. The village is 1,755 m (5,758 ft) above sea level. canvas seat covers
Contents mesh folding chair
1 History aluminum lawn chair
2 Skiing terrain
2.1 East side
2.2 Gem Lake
2.3 East Peak
2.4 Terrain Park
2.5 Nordic trails
2.6 Ski and Snowboard School
3 Master Plan
4 Services
4.1 Activities
4.2 Accommodations
4.3 Retail
5 Deaths
6 Trivia
7 Gallery
8 Awards
9 References
10 See also
11 External links
//
History
Big White opened in 1963 with two T-bars.
The Ridge Chair (double) opened in the early 70's. The Powder Chair (triple), The Easter Chair (triple), and the Village Chair (triple) opened thereafter. In the mid 80's the Easter Chair was moved to replace the bunny hill t-bar and was renamed the Village chair; the Village Chair became the Summit Chair. The Ridge Rocket Express (quad) replaced the double chair in 1989 and the Bullet Express replaced the Summit and Village chairs in 1991. The Alpine T-Bar was moved to its present location and extended around this time as well. The Falcon Chair, which was in fact the old Ridge Chair, opened up the west side of the hill in the mid-1990s. The Gem Lake Express (quad), which doubled the skiable era, opened around 2000. The Snow Ghost Express (six person), which is adjacent to the Ridge Rocket, ended annoyingly long lineups when it opened in 2006.
Replacement of the Powder Chair and the Alpine T-Bar are likely to come soon.
Skiing terrain
Big White has a total of 118 "designated" trails and 27 unnamed trails. 18% of these trails are beginner, 56% intermediate and the remaining 26% are classed as expert. The wooded areas between trails are all open, and can offer a variety of ungroomed snow and widely varied terrain.
Big White currently has one 8-passenger high speed gondola, one 6-passenger high speed chair (new for the 06/07 season), four 4-passenger high speed chairs, one 4-passenger "beginner chair", one 3-passenger chair, three 2-passenger chairs (including the telus park chairlift), one T-bar, one children and one adult's magic carpet. There are also two tubing lifts. These lifts are capable of transporting 28,000 people per hour uphill.
East side
The eastern side of Big White is where the majority of lifts are located. The runs on this side are usually shorter and more crowded than those found over on the Gem Lake side. The most advanced runs are located on this side underneath the Cliff chair. The Cliff Chair closed during the 2008 season, pending an investigation by avalanche experts after the Parachute Bowl slipped in January 2008.
There is one high-speed detachable 6-seater chair (Snow Ghost Express), three high-speed detachable quad chairs (Ridge Rocket, Bullet, and Black Forest), two double chairlifts (Cliff and Telus Park), and a single T-bar, the Alpine T-bar.
The Ridge Rocket chair has a small lodge at its base, and the base of the Bullet chair is very near the main village. The new 6-seater lift (the Snow Ghost Express) was built for the 2006-2007 season parallel to Ridge Rocket Express to reduce lift lines.
Gem Lake
Gem Lake is located on the western side of Big White and is served by the Gem Lake high-speed detachable quad chair. The Falcon and Powder Chairs, two and three person lifts respectively, are nearby. The Gem Lake lift is often more windy than the east side lifts, but offers the largest single-lift vertical drop at the hill at 710 m. It has a small lodge and parking lot at its base; the base of the Gem Lake Express is quite distant from the Village area. Traditionally tourists tend to ski more on the east side while locals from Kelowna and other nearby towns will ski Gem Lake more than tourists. Gem Lake is built with more experienced (black diamond) runs and is not recommended for beginner skiiers/riders.
East Peak
The ski resort is expected to unveil plans in the near future that call for the addition of 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of skiable area on the East Peak. This new area will be mainly intermediate and advanced terrain and the expansion will be on land leased from the province. Construction of the first lift in the new area is supposed to start in 2010.
Also included in the plans are a second base area, a new residential area and a golf course.
Panorama from near the top of the Falcon Chair
Terrain Park
Big White recently built a Telus Park in the 2004/2005 season. It features an Olympic sized 500-foot (150 m) long Super pipe with 17-foot (5.2 m) transitional walls along with a standard sized half-pipe. The park also has a skier/border cross course and beginner through to advanced rails and hits. The park is separated into two sides. One with larger jumps, rails, and boxes, and the other with smaller features, the border cross and a half-pipe. Big white is also exclusive to a snow-cross run identical to the one at the olympics.
Nordic trails
Big White has 25 km of Nordic trails. You can snow-shoe and dog-sled as well as cross-country ski on the cross-country trails. A small number of them also have snowmobiles. There is one warming hut on the trail.
Ski and Snowboard School
Big White has over 100 qualified instructors, offering classes for all ages and all skill levels.
Master Plan
Big White has created a master plan to become a major world class destination resort. Included in the plans are the following things:
Addition of 17 ski lifts;
1,051 hectares more skiable terrain (14% beginner, 47% intermediate, 39% expert);
Addition of 3,320 hectares of controlled recreation areas;
Adding 13,240 people/day to its comfortable carrying capacity;
Adding 20,425 people/day to its balanced resort capacity;
Addition of 53km of Nordic Skiing Trails;
Addition of 2 golf courses;
Addition of an 80 hectare Mountain Bike park;
Addition of 317,620 sq. ft. of commercial space;
Addition of snow making machines for an earlier season start;
Addition of zip lines; and
Addition of a water park.
These additions are expected to start following the close of the 2009/2010 season.
Services
Activities
Activities include the Mega Snow Coaster, which was once the largest tubing park in North America, snowmobile tours, sleigh riding, dog sleds, snowshoeing, and ice skating.
A new activity in 2006-2007 season is the Sno-Limo, a sort of a cross between a dog sled and a lazy-boy chair on skis.
The resort also hosts a number of family aimed events (Big White was awarded North America's best family resort in 2003 by The Good Skiing and Boarding Guide 2003) such as carnival nights and Tim Hortons's Cruise the Blues.
New during the 2008-2009 season are the Snow Adventure ski and snowboard improvement courses hosted by Snow Adventure in collaboration with the Big White Ski and Board School. There are various courses available including learn-to-ride courses, off-piste specific courses, a 3 week master-the-mountain course as well as ladies' and men's improvement weeks.
Accommodations
There are currently four village hotels, 25 condo or town house complexes, 244 vacation homes and two ski in/ski out hostels. The village area includes 18 restaurants, cafs and delis, as well as a small grocery store and liquor store.
Retail
Big White is located about a one hour drive outside Kelowna, and features a smaller village than resorts like Whistler. Big White has a limited number of on mountain shops. Several shops are located in the Village Centre Mall and around the village. A few more are in Happy Valley at the bottom of the gondola. An internet cafe is located in Trappers Crossing near the Village Centre Mall.
A shopping bus is available and takes riders to Orchard Park shopping mall in Kelowna for the day.
Deaths
On January 6, 2008, Leigh Barnier, an Australian skier, was killed by an avalanche while skiing on an open, in bounds run. Barnier was an employee at the time; however, he was not on shift.
Trivia
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (December 2008)
Shred and Shred 2, are snowboarding movies starring Tom Green and Dave England were filmed at Silver Star and Big White.
Gallery
Looking up from the bottom of the Cliff Chair
Trappers Crossing, a town house complex
The Village Centre Mall
Near top of the Powder Chair
Jumping off a boulder
Boarders coming down the Powder Chute on a beautiful day
Skiing a black diamond at Big White
Awards
Taken from the Big White website
The Best Ski Area 2004 - Okanagan Life Magazine
Winner of numerous Ski Canada awards including:
Best New Chair (Cliff) 2005
Best New Terrain Park (Telus Park) 2005
Best Intermediate Terrain (Gem Lake) 2005
New Accommodation (Grizzly Lodge) 2003
Best Ski Bar - Snowshoe Sam's 2003
Earliest Opening 2002
Largest Base Expansion (Happy Valley Day Lodge) 2001
Best Glades West Big White Thunder and Black Bear
Best Ski Resort Features for Kids (Big White Kid's Centre) 1999
Best Grooming 1999
Best On-Mountain Ski Bar (Raakels) 1999
Best Weather 1998
Best Renovated Skiers Hotel 1998
Best Ski Area Child Care (Big White Kid Centre) 1998
Okanagan Life Magazine
Best Ski Area, 2004, 2003, 2001, 1999, 1998, & 1997
Best Place for Adult Fun, 2002, 2001 & 2000
Best Place for Family Fun, 2002 & 2000
The Good Skiing and Boarding Guide 2003
North America Best Family Ski Resort
References
^ Bigwhite.com
^ Bigwhite.com
^ Skinet.com
^ Bigwhite.com
^ Theglobeandmail.com
^ Skisilverstar.com
Big White Ski Resort Site accessed October 23, 2005.
Theglobeandmail.com
See also
v d e
Ski areas and resorts in British Columbia
East Kootenay/Columbia Valley
Fernie Kicking Horse Kimberley Panorama Fairmont Hot Springs
West Kootenay/Arrow Lakes
Whitewater Red Mountain Summit Lake Revelstoke Mountain Salmo
South Cariboo-Thompson-Okanagan-Boundary
Sun Peaks Harper Apex Silver Star Big White Mount Baldy Phoenix Crystal Mountain Mount Timothy
Lower Mainland-Sea to Sky Country
Grouse Cypress Seymour Hemlock Valley Manning Park Whistler Blackcomb
Vancouver Island
Mount Washington Mount Cain
North Cariboo, Northern Interior & North Coast
Troll Powder King Ski Smithers Little Mac Tabor Mountain Hart Highlands Shames Mountain Bear Mountain Murray Ridge Purden
List of ski areas and resorts in Canada
Silver Star Mountain Resort, Big White's sister ski area.
Ski resort
Skiing
Snowboarding
External links
Bigwhitemtnchamber.com, Big White Chamber of Commerce
RDKB.com, Regional District of Kootenay Boundary - this is the administrative area over Big White
Categories: Ski areas and resorts in British Columbia | Snow tubing areas in British Columbia | Monashee Mountains | Okanagan CountryHidden categories: Articles with trivia sections from December 2008 | All articles with trivia sections
1975 Topps
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Baseball
Topps issued two sets in 1975, the base set was the standard 2.5 by 3.5-inch (89 mm) size and the "Mini" issue which was of an identical design and content, but
Set koosh balls
Description toy basketball hoop
Cards in Set inflatable beach ball
Size
Base set
660
2.5 x 3.5 inches (89 mm)
Mini
660
2.125 x 3.125 inches (79.4 mm)
Parallel Sets
Since 1965, the Canadian candy company O-Pee-Chee produced virtually identical, but smaller, sets identical to the Topps issue of the same year. The Canadian printed cards were printed on grey cardstock and featured French and English text on the reverse.
Set
Description
Cards in Set
Size
O-Pee-Chee
660
2.5 x 3.5 inches (89 mm)
American Football
In 1975, Topps issued two Football sets featuring the National Football League.
Set
Description
Cards in Set
Size
Base set
528
2.5 x 3.5 inches (89 mm)
Team Checklists
26
2.5 x 3.5 inches (89 mm)
Hockey
In 1975, Topps issued two sets featuring the National Hockey League.
Set
Description
Cards in Set
Size
Base set
330
2.5 x 3.5 inches (89 mm)
Basketball
Topps issued one set featuring the two professional basketball leagues, the National Basketball Association and the American Basketball Association, playing during the 1975-1976 season.
Set
Description
Cards in Set
Size
Base set
264
2.5 x 3.5 inches (89 mm)
Team Checklist
27
1.5 x 10.5 inches (270 mm)
Football
In 1974, Topps bought out A.&B.C. Gum of London, England, a company which had been a long time producer English and Scottish soccer cards. 1975 marked the first year for the Topps branded cards in the United Kingdom. Topps issued two sets in the United Kingdom featuring soccer players. The cards fronts are basically identical to the 1975 Topps baseball cards issued in the United States.
Set
Description
Cards in Set
Size
English Footballers
Red back
220
2.5 x 3.5 inches (89 mm)
Scottish Footballers
Blue back
88
2.5 x 3.5 inches (89 mm)
References
Beckett, Dr. James et al. (2002). "Beckett Baseball Card Price Guide". Beckett Publications-Dallas, Texas ISBN 1-930692-17-X
A&BC, FKS and TOPPS collection
Stein's Football Card Site
Galleries of English Football Cards
v d e
Topps Sports Card products
1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Categories: Gum | Baseball cards | Trading cardsHidden categories: Articles to be merged from November 2008 | All articles to be merged
Cassini
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People
Family of Italo-French scientists:
Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625 1712), also known as Jean-Dominique Cassini, Italian-French astronomer chimney maintenance
Jacques Cassini (1677 1756), French astronomer, son of Giovanni Domenico copper kitchen hood
Csar-Franois Cassini de Thury (1714 1784), French astronomer and cartographer, son of Jacques island mount range hood
Jean-Dominique de Cassini (1748 1845), first Count Cassini, French astronomer and cartographer, son of Csar-Franois
Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini (1781 1832), known as Henri Cassini, French botanist, youngest son of Jean-Dominique
Others:
Oleg Cassini (1913 2006), American fashion designer
Igor Cassini (1915 2002), American gossip columnist, also known as "Cholly Knickerbocker"
Astronomy
24101 Cassini, an asteroid
24102 Jacquescassini, another asteroid
Cassini (lunar crater)
Cassini (Martian crater)
Cassini Division, gap between rings of Saturn
Cassini Regio, the dark region of the moon Iapetus
Spacecraft
Cassini orbiter, part of the Cassiniuygens space probe
Math
Cassini oval, mathematical curve
Horticulture
Lilium Cassini, a [red lilium variety] used in cutflower production worldwide. This Oriental hybrid was created by [Gebr. Vletter & Den Haan] in Rijnsburg, The Netherlands, in the end of the last century. Lilium Cassini has already been tested in China, Italy, Mexico, Taiwan and many other countries.
Internet
UltiDev Cassini Web Server
Cassini Web Server
Other
Cassini Grid System Used by the British military from 1919 until after WWII.
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Blue Knights Drum and Bugle Corps
China Suppliers
Blue Knights Drum and Bugle Corps badminton shuttlecocks
Location yonex badminton racquet
Denver, Colorado yonex badminton rackets
Division
World Class
Founded
1958
Director
Mark Arnold
Championship Titles
WGI Independent World Percussion: 1994, 1999, 2000, 2003
Uniform
Blue and Black
The 2008 Blue Knights.
The Blue Knights Drum and Bugle Corps are a World Class (formerly Division I) drum and bugle corps based in Denver, Colorado and founded in 1958, and are a member corps of Drum Corps International. They are known throughout the circuit for their moving interpretations of classical music, use of choreography and colorful hand-painted flags. The Blue Knights administer a competitive drum corps that annually tours and competes throughout the country. The corps is a thirteen-time DCI finalist, with their highest finish being sixth in 2000 and seventh in 1994,1999 and 2006, having fallen out of the finals only four times since they first made the Top Twelve in 1991. The organization also fields an indoor percussion ensemble, winter brass ensemble and a winter guard unit, Opus 10, which competes on the Rocky Mountain Percussion Association and Winter Guard International circuits. The Blue Knights also organize the professional performing percussion group, Stampede, which performs at Denver Broncos football games.
The corps director is Mark Arnold.
Awards and Achievements
VFW National Finalist - 1963
US Open Finalist - 1988
US Open Prelims - 1987
DCI Finalist - 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
DCI Semi-finalist - 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1995, 2001, 2002, 2003
DCI Quarter-finalist - 1983, 1985, 1986
DCI Prelims - 1977
DCI Class A Prelims - 1975
External links
Blue Knights homepage
Blue Knights repertoires at Corpsreps
Drum Corps International
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Drum Corps International World Class member corps
The Academy Blue Devils Blue Knights Blue Stars Bluecoats Boston Crusaders The Cadets Capital Regiment* Carolina Crown Cascades Cavaliers Colts Crossmen Glassmen Jersey Surf Kiwanis Kavaliers* Madison Scouts The Magic* Mandarins Pacific Crest Phantom Regiment Pioneer Santa Clara Vanguard Southwind* Spirit Teal Sound Troopers
* corps either inactive or currently not competing in DCI World Class
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Categories: DCI World Class corps | Music of Denver, Colorado | United States musical group stubs