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Ingredients
Japan black consisted mostly of an asphaltic base dissolved in naphtha or turpentine, sometimes with other varnish ingredients, such as linseed oil. It is applied directly to metal parts, and then baked at about 200C (400F) for up to an hour.
Automobile use phospate
Japan black's popularity was due in part to its durability as an automotive finish. However, it was the ability of japan black to dry quickly that made it a favorite of early mass produced automobiles such as Henry Ford's Model T. The Ford company's reliance on japan black led Henry Ford to the quip that "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black". calcium chloride msds
Ford's formulations
Ford used two formulations of japan black, F-101 and F-102 (renamed to M-101 and M-102 after March 15 1922). F-101, the "First Coat Black Elastic Japan", was used as the basic coat applied directly to the metal, while F-102, "Finish Coat Elastic Black Japan", was applied over the first layer. Their compositions were similar: 25-35% asphalt and 10% linseed oil with lead and iron based dryers, dissolved in 55% thinners (mineral spirits, turpentine substitute or naphtha). The F-101 also had 1-3% of carbon black added as a pigment. The asphalt used in the Ford formulations was specified to be Gilsonite; this has long been used in formulations of paint for use on ironware as it increases the elasticity of the paint layer, allowing it to adhere to a steel surface subjected to vibration, deformation and most importantly thermal expansion, without cracking or peeling. It is also cheap, yields a glossy dark surface, and acts as a curing agent for the oil[dubious discuss].
Other colors
While other colors were available for automotive finishes, early colored variants of automotive lacquers could take up to 14 days to cure, whereas japan black would cure in 48 hours or less. Thus variously colored pre-1925 car bodies were usually consigned to special orders, or custom bodied luxury automobiles.
Nitrocellulose lacquers
The development of quick-drying nitrocellulose lacquers (pyroxylins) which could be colored to suit the needs of the buying public in the 1920s lead to the disuse of japan black by the end of the 1920s. In 1924, General Motors introduced "True Blue" Duco (a product of DuPont) nitrocellulose lacquer on its 1925 model Oakland automobile marque products.
See also
Pontypool japan
Rustproofing
References
^ "Solvents Industry Group : Solvents Industry Group". Americansolventscouncil.org. http://www.americansolventscouncil.org/resources/dictionaryCoatingsGL.asp. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
^ Henry Ford, Samuel Crowther (1922). My Life and Work. Doubleday. p. 72. http://books.google.com/books?id=4K82efXzn10C&pg=PA72&dq=%22My+Life+and+Work%22+%22it+is+black%22.
^ See Pontypool japan
^ "P-R". Mtfca.com. http://www.mtfca.com/encyclo/P-R.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
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Categories: Painting materials | Ford Motor CompanyHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from October 2006 | All articles lacking sources | All accuracy disputes | Articles with disputed statements from April 2009
Saturday, May 22, 2010
Japan black
Phase Boundary Catalysis
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In chemistry, Phase Boundary Catalysis (PBC) is a type of heterogeneous catalytic system which facilitates the chemical reaction of a particular chemical component in immiscible phase react on a catalytic active site located at phase boundary. The chemical component is soluble in one phase but insoluble in the other. The catalyst for PBC has been designed in which the external part of the zeolite is hydrophobic, internally it is usually hydrophilic, notwithstanding to polar nature of some reactants. In this sense, the medium environment in this system is close to that of an enzyme. The major difference between this system and enzyme is lattice flexibility. The lattice of zeolite is rigid, whereas the enzyme is flexible. expandable polystyrene
Design of Phase Boundary Catalyst nonyl phenol
Figure 1 Schematic representation of the advantage of phase-boundary catalysis in comparison with conventional catalytic system.
Figure 2 Schematic representation of catalytic action of phase-boundary catalysis in comparison with conventional catalytic system.
Figure 3 Schematic representation of synthesis of phase-boundary catalyst.
Figure 1 shows schematic representation of design of Phase Boundary Catalytic (PBC) system and its comparison with conventional catalytic system. The PBC is useful primarily for performing reaction at the interface of aqueous phase and organic substrate phases. PBC is needed because the immiscibility of aqueous phase and organic substrate. The name phase-boundary catalysis does what it says; the catalyst acts as a catalyst at the interphase between the aqueous and organic phases as shown in Figure 1. The reaction medium of phase-boundary catalysis system for the catalytic reaction of immiscible aqueous and organic phases consist of three phases; an organic liquid phase, containing most of the substrate, an aqueous liquid phase containing most of the substrate in aqueous phase and the solid catalyst. The two liquid phases are almost completely insoluble in one another.
In case of conventional catalytic system (see Figure 1);
When the reaction mixture is vigorously stirred, an apparently homogeneous emulsion is obtained, which segregates very rapidly into two liquid phases when the agitation ceases. Segregation occurs by formation of organic bubbles in the emulsion which move downwards to form the aqueous phase, indicating that emulsion consists of dispersed particles of the aqueous phase in the organic phase.
Due to the triphasic reactions conditions, the overall reaction between aqueous phase and organic phase substrates on solid catalyst requires different transfer processes. The following steps, which are schematically represented in Figure 2 are involved:
1. transfer of aqueous phase from organic phase to the external surface of solid catalyst; 2. transfer of aqueous phase inside the pore volume of solid catalyst; 3. transfer of the substrate from aqueous phase to the interphase between aqueous and organic phases; 4. transfer of the substrate from the interphase to the aqueous phase; 5. mixing and diffusion of the substrate in the aqueous phase; 6. transfer of the substrate from the aqueous phase to the external surface of solid catalyst; 7. transfer of the substrate inside the pore volume of the solid catalyst; and 8. catalytic reaction (adsorption, chemical reaction and desorption).
It was reported that without vigorous stirring, no reactivity of the catalyst was observed in conventional catalytic system. As proposed in Figure 2, it is clear that stirring and mass transfer from organic to aqueous phase and vice-versa are required for conventional catalytic system. In the PBC (see Figure 2), the stirring is not required because the mass transfer is not rate determining step in this catalytic system. It is already demonstrated that this system works for alkene epoxidation without stirring or the addition of a co-solvent to drive liquid-liquid phase transfer. The active site located on the external surface of the zeolite particle were dominantly effective for the observed phase boundary catalytic system.
How to synthesize Phase Boundary Catalyst?
Modified zeolite on which the external surface was partly covered with alkylsilane, called hase boundary catalyst was prepared in two steps (see Figure 3). First, titanium dioxide from titaniumisopropoxide was impregnated into NaY zeolite powder to give sample W-Ti-NaY. In the second step, alkysilane from n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) was impregnated into the W-Ti-NaY powder containing water. Due to the hydrophilicity of the w-Ti-NaY surface, addition of a small amount of water led to aggregation owing to the capillary force of water between particles. Under these conditions, it is expected that only the outer surface of aggregates, in contact with the organic phase can be modified with OTS, and indeed almost all of the particles were located at the phase boundary when added to an immiscible waterrganic solvent (W/O) mixture. The partly modified sample is denoted w/o-Ti-NaY. Fully modified Ti-NaY (o-Ti-NaY), prepared without the addition of water in the above second step, is readily suspended in an organic solvent as expected.
References
^ H. Nur, S. Ikeda and B. Ohtani, Phase-boundary catalysis: a new approach in alkene epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide by zeolite loaded with alkylsilane-covered titanium oxide, Chemical Communications, 2000, 2235 - 2236. Abstract
^ H. Nur, S. Ikeda and B. Ohtani, Phase-boundary catalysis of alkene epoxidation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide using amphiphilic zeolite particles loaded with titanium oxide, Journal of Catalysis, 2001, (204) 402 - 408. Abstract
^ S. Ikeda, H. Nur, T. Sawadaishi, K. Ijiro, M. Shimomura, B. Ohtani, Direct observation of bimodal amphiphilic surface structures of zeolite particles for a novel liquid-liquid phase boundary catalysis, Langmuir, 2001, (17) 7976 - 7979. Abstract
^ H. Nur, S. Ikeda and B. Ohtani, Phase-boundary catalysts for acid-catalyzed reactions: the role of bimodal amphiphilic structure and location of active sites, Journal of Brazilian Chemical Society, 2004, (15) 719-724 - 2236. Paper
^ H. Nur, S. Ikeda, and B. Ohtani, Amphiphilic NaY zeolite particles loaded with niobic acid: Materials with applications for catalysis in immiscible liquid-liquid system, Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters, 2004, (17) 255 - 261. Abstract
^ S. Ikeda, H. Nur, P. Wu, T. Tatsumi and B. Ohtani, Effect of titanium active site location on activity of phase boundary catalyst particle for alkene epoxidation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 2003, (145) 251-254.
Categories: Chemical kinetics | CatalysisHidden categories: Chemistry articles needing expert attention | Articles needing expert attention from February 2009 | All articles needing expert attention | Articles needing cleanup from August 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles that need to be wikified from August 2008 | All articles that need to be wikified
Marshmallow
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Brands
Most of the current brands of commercially available marshmallows in the United States are made and copacked by Kraft Foods and Doumak, Inc, under such names as Jet-Puffed, Campfire, Kidd and numerous "private label" store brands. Marshmallows are used in S'mores, Mallomars and other chocolate-coated treats, Peeps, Whippets and other candy, Rice Krispies treats, ice cream flavors such as Rocky Road, as a topping for hot chocolate and candied yams, and in several other foodstuffs. Americans eat about 90,000,000 pounds (41,000 t) of marshmallows per year (that is about 0.1 kg per person per year).
Toasted marshmallows beef tripe
Main article: S'more stuffed beef tenderloin
Roasting a marshmallow over a campfire.
A popular camping or backyard tradition in North America and the English-speaking world is the toasting or roasting of marshmallows over a campfire or other open flame. A marshmallow is placed on the end of a stick or skewer and held carefully over the fire. This creates a caramelized outer skin with a liquid, molten layer underneath. According to individual preference, the marshmallows are heated to various degrees from gently toasted to a charred outer layer. The toasted marshmallow can either be eaten whole or the outer layer can be consumed separately and the rest of the marshmallow toasted again. S'mores are made by placing a toasted marshmallow on a slice of chocolate which is then placed between two graham crackers. Some companies mass produce pre-packaged S'mores.
Dietary preferences
The traditional marshmallow recipe uses powdered marshmallow root, which may be difficult to obtain. Most commercially manufactured marshmallows instead use gelatin in their manufacture, which vegetarians avoid, as it is derived from animal hides and bones.
An alternative for vegetarians is to use substitute non-meat gelling agents such as agar for gelatin. However, other vegetable gums often make an unsatisfactory product that does not have the spring or firmness expected of gelatin-based marshmallows.[citation needed]
Marshmallow creme and other less firm marshmallow products generally contain little or no gelatin, which mainly serves to allow the familiar marshmallow confection to retain its shape. They generally use egg whites instead. Non-gelatin versions of this product may be consumed by ovo vegetarians. Several brands of vegan marshmallows and marshmallow fluff exist, as well.
Commercial kosher pareve marshmallows often use fish gelatin, as fish is not considered to be meat in kashrut.[citation needed]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Marshmallows
Look up marshmallow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats
Chubby Bunny, children's game involving marshmallows
Marshmallow creme
Stay Puft Marshmallow Man
References
^ The history of marshmallows Candy USA!
^ a b Petkewich, Rachel (2006). "What's that stuff? Marshmallow". Chemical & Engineering News 84 (16): 41. http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/84/8416marshmallows.html. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
^ Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair; A garden of Herbs, Hale Cushman & Flint, 1936
^ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
^ Veganstore marshmallows
External links
The History of Marshmallows
How To Make Your Own Marshmallows
The Marshmallow Explained at HowStuffWorks.com
Categories: Confectionery | Marshmallows | Skewered foodsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009