Inline figure skating

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inlinefigure.com The maker of Double L's Snow White inline figure skates.

http://www.picskate.com/ The maker of the PICSkate inline figure skates, which some claim to better resemble ice figure skates .

http://www.roller34.com/ vertical wind tunnels

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References synthetic turf

^ Federation International de Roller Sports : Artistic Roller Skating Speed Roller Skating Roller Hockey and Inline Roller Hockey, Figure artistic speed skating. The Roller Sports are here! Rollersports . org

^ Artistic Figure Roller Skating : FIRS : Federation Internationale de Roller Sports : International Federation of RollerSports

^ PICSkate better resembles ice figure skates (retrieved on April 25, 2008)

Categories: SkatingHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

Killian documents controversy

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Background and timeline

1st Lt. George W. Bush in uniform. Investigations into his military service led to the Killian documents controversy.

The memos, allegedly written in 1972 and 1973, were obtained by CBS News producer Mary Mapes and freelance journalist Michael Smith, from Lt. Col. Bill Burkett, a former US Army National Guard officer. Mapes and Dan Rather, among many other journalists, had been investigating for several years the story of Bush's alleged failure to fulfill his obligations to the National Guard. pouch laminator

Burkett had received publicity in 2000, after making and then retracting a claim that he had been transferred to Panama for refusing "to falsify personnel records of [then-]Governor Bush", and in February 2004, when he claimed to have knowledge of "scrubbing" of Bush's TexANG records. Mapes was "by her own account [aware that] many in the press considered Burkett an 'anti-Bush zealot,' his credibility in question." roll laminator

Mapes and Smith made contact with Burkett in late August, and on August 24 Burkett offered to meet with them to share the documents he possessed, and later told reporters from USA Today "that he had agreed to turn over the documents to CBS if the network would arrange a conversation with the Kerry campaign," a claim substantiated by emails between Smith and Mapes detailing Burkett's additional requests for help with negotiating a book deal, security, and financial compensation. During the last week of August, Mapes asked Josh Howard, her immediate superior at CBS, for permission to facilitate contact between Burkett and the Kerry campaign, and Howard and Mapes subsequently disputed whether such permission was obtained. card laminator

Two documents were provided by Burkett to Mapes on September 2 and four others on September 5, 2004. At that time, Burkett told Mapes that they were copies of originals that had been obtained from Killian's personal files via Chief Warrant Officer George Conn, another former member of the TexANG.

Mapes informed Rather of the progress of the story, which was being targeted to air on September 8 along with footage of an interview with former Lieutenant Governor of Texas Ben Barnes, who would publicly state for the first time his opinion that Bush received preferential treatment to get into the National Guard. Mapes had also been in contact with the Kerry campaign several times between late August and September 6, when she spoke with senior Kerry advisor Joe Lockhart regarding the progressing story. Lockhart subsequently stated he was "wary" of contact with Mapes at this stage, because if the story were true, his involvement might undermine its credibility, and if it were false, "he did not want to be associated with it." Lockhart called Burkett on September 6 at the number provided by Mapes, and both men stated they discussed Burkett's view of Kerry's Presidential campaign strategy, not the existence of the documents or the related story.

Content of the memos

The documents allegedly showed that Bush disobeyed orders while in the Guard, and had undue influence exerted on his behalf to improve his record, and included the following accusations:

An order directing Bush to submit to a physical examination.

A note that Killian had grounded Bush from flying due to "failure to perform to USAF/TexANG standards," and for failure to submit to the physical examination as ordered. Killian also requested that a flight inquiry board be convened, as required by regulations, to examine the reasons for Bush's loss of flight status.

A note of a telephone conversation with Bush in which Bush sought to be excused from "drill." The note records that Bush said he did not have the time to attend to his National Guard duties because he had a campaign to do (the Senate campaign of Winton M. Blount in Alabama).

A note (labeled "CYA" for "cover your ass") claiming that Killian was being pressured from above to give Bush better marks in his yearly evaluation than he had earned. The note attributed to Killian says that he was being asked to "sugarcoat" Bush's performance. "I'm having trouble running interference [for Bush] and doing my job."

USA Today also received copies of the four documents used by CBS, reporting this and publishing them the morning after the CBS segment, along with two additional memos. Burkett was assured by USA Today that they would keep the source confidential.

CBS investigations prior to airing the segment

Mapes and her colleagues began interviewing people who might be able to corroborate the information in the documents, while also retaining four forensic document experts, Marcel J. Matley, James J. Pierce, Emily Will, and Linda James, to determine the validity of the memos.

On September 5, CBS interviewed Killian's friend Robert Strong, who ran the Texas Air National Guard administrative office. Among other issues covered in his interview with Rather and Mapes, Strong was asked if he thought the documents were genuine. Strong stated, "they are compatible with the way business was done at the time. They are compatible with the man that I remember Jerry Killian being." Strong had first seen the documents twenty minutes earlier and also said he had no personal knowledge of their content; he later claimed he had been told to assume the content of the documents was accurate.

On September 6, CBS interviewed General Robert "Bobby" Hodges, a former officer at the Texas Air National Guard and Killian's immediate superior at the time. Hodges declined CBS' request for an on-camera interview, and Mapes read the documents to him over the telephone. According to Mapes, Hodges agreed with CBS's assessment that the documents were real, and CBS reported that Hodges stated that these were "the things that Killian had expressed to me at the time." However, according to Hodges, when Mapes read portions of the memos to him he simply stated, "well if he wrote them, that's what he felt," and he claims he never confirmed the validity of the content of the documents. General Hodges later asserted to the investigatory panel that he told Mapes that Killian had never, to his knowledge, ordered anyone to take a physical and that he had never been pressured regarding Lieutenant Bush, as the documents alleged. Hodges also claims that when CBS interviewed him, he thought the memos were handwritten, not typed, and following the September 8 broadcast, when Hodges had seen the documents and heard of claims of forgery by Killian's wife and son, he was "convinced they were not authentic" and told Rather and Mapes on September 10.

Response of the document examiners

Prior to airing, all four of the examiners responded to Mapes' request for document analysis, though only two to Mapes directly:

Emily Will noted discrepancies in the signatures on the memos, and had questions about the letterhead, the proportional spacing of the font, the superscripted "th" and the improper formatting of the date. Will requested other documents to use for comparison.

Linda James was "unable to reach a conclusion about the signature" and noted that the superscripted "th" was not in common use at the time the memos were allegedly written; she later recalled telling CBS, "the two memos she looked at 'had problems,'"

James Pierce concluded that both of the documents were written by the same person and that the signature matched Killian's from the official Bush records. Only one of the two documents provided to Pierce had a signature. James Pierce wrote, "the balance of the Jerry B. Killian signatures appearing on the photocopied questioned documents are consistent and in basic agreement," and stated that based on what he knew, "the documents in question are authentic." However, Pierce also told Mapes he could not be sure if the documents had been altered because he was reviewing copies, not original documents.

Marcel Matley's review was initially limited to Killian's signature on one of the Burkett documents, which he compared to signatures from the official Bush records. Matley "seemed fairly confident" that the signature was Killian's. On September 6, Matley was interviewed by Rather and Mapes and was provided with the other four documents obtained from CBS (he would prove to be the only reviewer to see these documents prior to the segment). Matley told Rather "he could not authenticate the documents due to the fact that they were poor quality copies." In the interview, Matley told Rather that with respect to the signatures, they were relying on "poor material" and that there were inconsistencies in the signatures, but also replied "Yes," when asked if it would be safe to say the documents were written by the person who signed them.

Both Emily Will and Linda James suggested to Mapes that CBS contact typewriter expert Peter Tytell. Associate producer Yvonne Miller left him a voicemail on September 7; he returned the call at 11 am on September 8 but was told they "did not need him anymore."

September 8 segment and initial reactions

The segment, entitled "For The Record," aired on 60 Minutes Wednesday on September 8. After introducing the documents, Rather said, in reference to Matley, "We consulted a handwriting analyst and document expert who believes the material is authentic."

The segment introduced Lieutenant Robert Strong's interview, describing him as a "friend of Killian" (without noting he had not worked in the same location and without mentioning he had left the TexANG prior to the dates on the memos). The segment used the sound bite of Strong saying the documents were compatible with how business was done but did not include a disclaimer that Strong was told to assume the documents were authentic.

In Rather's narration about one of the memos, he referred to pressure being applied on Bush's behalf by General Buck Staudt, and described Staudt as "the man in charge of the Texas National Guard." Staudt had retired from the guard a year and a half prior to the dates of the memos.

Interview clips with Ben Barnes, former Speaker of the Texas House, created the impression "that there was no question but that President Bush had received Barnes' help to get into the TexANG," because Barnes had made a telephone call on Bush's behalf, when Barnes himself had acknowledged that there was no proof his call was the reason, and that "sometimes a call to General Rose did not work." Barnes' disclaimer was not included in the Segment.

Internet skepticism spreads

Within hours of the segment, the authenticity of the documents was questioned by posters on Free Republic, a conservative Internet forum, and discussion quickly spread to various weblogs in the blogosphere, principally Little Green Footballs and Powerline. The initial analysis appeared in posts by "Buckhead," a username of Harry W. MacDougald, an Atlanta attorney who had worked for conservative groups such as the Federalist Society and the Southeastern Legal Foundation and who had helped draft the petition to the Arkansas Supreme Court for the disbarment of President Bill Clinton. MacDougald questioned the validity of the documents on the basis of their typography, writing that the memos were "in a proportionally spaced font, probably Palatino or Times New Roman," and alleging that this was an anachronism: "I am saying these documents are forgeries, run through a copier for 15 generations to make them look old. This should be pursued aggressively."

By the following day, questions about the authenticity of the documents were being publicized by the Drudge Report, which linked to the analysis at the Powerline blog in the mid-afternoon, and the story was covered on the website of the magazine The Weekly Standard and broke into mass media outlets, including the Associated Press and the major television news networks. It also was receiving serious attention from conservative writers such as National Review Online's Jim Geraghty. By the afternoon of September 9, Charles Johnson of Little Green Footballs had posted his attempt to recreate one of the documents using Microsoft Word with the default settings. The September 9 edition of ABC's Nightline made mention of the controversy, along with an article on the ABC News website. Although the CBS story is front-page news in the New York Times and Washington Post on September 9, and on two-thirds of a full page within USA Today's news section (which notes the newspaper has also obtained copies of the documents), "There is no discussion in the major news media about whether the memos are authentic." CBS published the reaction of Killian's son, Gary, to the documents, reporting that Gary Killian questioned one of the memos but stated that others "appeared legitimate" and characterized the collection as "a mixture of truth and fiction". In an interview with Fox News, Gary Killian expressed doubts about the documents' authenticity on the basis of his father's positive view of Bush.

CBS's response and widening media coverage

At 5PM on Thursday, September 9, CBS News released a statement saying the memos were "thoroughly investigated by independent experts, and we are convinced of their authenticity", and stating, "this report was not based solely on recovered documents, but rather on a preponderance of evidence, including documents that were provided by unimpeachable sources," In an interview, CBS News spokesperson Kelli Edwards said, "CBS verified the authenticity of the documents by talking to individuals who had seen the documents at the time they were written." The statement was replaced later that day with one that omitted this claim.

The first newspaper articles questioning the documents appeared on September 10 in The Washington Post, The New York Times and in USA Today via the Associated Press. The Associated Press reported, "Document examiner Sandra Ramsey Lines...said she was 'virtually certain' [the documents] were generated by computer. Lines said that meant she could testify in court that, beyond a reasonable doubt, her opinion was that the memos were written on a computer."

Also on September 10, the Dallas Morning News reported "that the officer named in one memo as exerting pressure to "sugarcoat" Bush's military record was discharged a year and a half before the memo was written. The paper cited a military record showing that Col. Walter "Buck" Staudt was honorably discharged on March 1, 1972, while the memo cited by CBS as showing that Staudt was interfering with evaluations of Bush was dated August 18, 1973."

In response to the media attention, a CBS memo said the documents were "backed up not only by independent handwriting and forensic document experts but by sources familiar with their content" and insisted that no internal investigation would take place. On the CBS Evening News, on September 10, Rather defended the story and noted that its critics included "partisan political operatives."

In the broadcast, Rather stated Marcel Matley "analyzed the documents for CBS News. He believes they are real," and broadcast additional excerpts from Matley's September 6 interview showing Matley's agreement that the signatures appeared to be from the same source. Rather did not report that Matley had referred to them as "poor material", that he had only opined about the signatures, or that he had specifically not authenticated the documents.

Rather presented footage of the Strong interview, introducing it by stating Robert Strong "is standing by his judgment that the documents are real," despite Strong's lack of standing to authenticate them and his brief exposure to the documents.

Rather concluded by stating, "If any definitive evidence to the contrary of our story is found, we will report it. So far, there is none."

In an appearance on CNN that day, Rather asserted "I know that this story is true. I believe that the witnesses and the documents are authentic. We wouldn't have gone to air if they would not have been."

However, within CBS, Josh Howard spoke at length on the telephone with typewriter expert Peter Tytell. Howard later told the Panel that the discussion was, "an 'unsettling event' that shook his belief in the authenticity of the documents." Producer Mapes dismissed Tytell's concerns.

A former Vice President of CBS News, Jonathan Klein, dismissed the allegations of bloggers, suggesting that the "checks and balances" of a professional news organization were superior to individuals sitting at their home computers "in their pajamas." In response, some conservative bloggers started to refer to themselves as Pajamahadeen.

CBS' defense, apology

As media coverage widened and intensified, CBS at first attempted to produce additional evidence to support its claims. On September 11, a CBS News Segment stated that document expert Phillip Bouffard thought the documents "could have been prepared on an IBM Selectric Composer Typewriter, available at the time." Bouffard's comments were also cited by the Boston Globe, in an article entitled, "Authenticity backed on Bush documents." However the Globe soon printed a retraction regarding the title. CBS noted that although General Hodges was now stating he thought the documents were inauthentic, "we believed General Hodges the first time we spoke with him." CBS reiterated: "we believe the documents to be genuine."

By September 13, CBS' position had shifted slightly, as Rather acknowledged "some of these questions come from people who are not active political partisans," and stated that CBS "talked to handwriting and document analysts and other experts who strongly insist the documents could have been created in the 70s,"(emphasis added) The analysts and experts cited by Rather did not include the original four experts consulted by CBS. Rather instead presented the views of Bill Glennon and Richard Katz. Glennon, a former typewriter repairman with no specific credentials in typesetting beyond that job, was found by CBS after posting several defenses of the memos on blogs including Daily Kos and Kevin Drum's blog hosted at Washington Monthly. However, in the actual broadcast, neither interviewee asserted that the memos were genuine.

As a result, some CBS critics begin to accuse CBS of expert shopping.

60 Minutes Wednesday, one week later

The original document examiners, however, continued to be part of the story. By September 15, Emily Will was publicly stating that she had told CBS that she had doubts about both the production of the memos and the handwriting prior to the segment, and in interviews, Linda James stated that the memos were of "very poor quality" and that she did not authenticate them, telling ABC News, "I did not authenticate anything and I don't want it understood that I did."

In response, 60 Minutes Wednesday released a statement suggesting that Will and James had "misrepresented" their role in the authentication of the documents and had played only a small part in the process. CBS News concurrently amended their previous claim that Matley had authenticated the documents, saying instead he had only authenticated the signatures. On CNN, Matley stated he had only verified that the signatures were "from the same source," not that they were authentically Killian's: "When I saw the documents, I could not verify the documents were authentic or inauthentic. I could only verify that the signatures came from the same source," Matley said. "I could not authenticate the documents themselves. But at the same time, there was nothing to tell me that they were not authentic."

CBS interviewed Marian Carr Knox, a secretary at Ellington Air Force from 19561979 and Killian's assistant on the dates of the memos. Although Knox felt the memos reflected the truth about Bush's alleged service failures, she also stated she did not type the memos, they were not written by Killian, and that she had no firsthand knowledge of Bush's time in the Guard. Knox said, "The information in here was correct, but it was picked up from the real ones," she said. "I probably typed the information and somebody picked up the information some way or another." The New York Times' headline, including the phrase "Fake but Accurate," became a widely-used derisive comment from right-leaning critics of CBS.

At this time, Dan Rather first acknowledged there were problems in establishing the validity of the documents used in the report, stating: "If the documents are not what we were led to believe, I'd like to break that story."

CBS also hired a private investigator to look into the matter after the story aired and the controversy began.

Copies of the documents were first released to the public by the White House. Press Secretary Scott McClellan stated that the memos had been provided to them by CBS in the days prior to the report and that, "We had every reason to believe that they were authentic at that time."

The Washington Post reported that at least one of the documents obtained by CBS had a fax header indicating it had been faxed from a Kinko's copy center in Abilene, Texas, leading some to trace the documents back to Burkett.

CBS states that use of the documents was a mistake

As a growing number of independent document examiners and competing news outlets reported their findings about the documents, CBS News stopped defending the documents and began to report on the problems with their story. On September 20 they reported that their source, Bill Burkett, "admits that he deliberately misled the CBS News producer working on the report, giving her a false account of the documents' origins to protect a promise of confidentiality to the actual source." While the network did not state that the memos were forgeries, CBS News President Andrew Heyward said,

"Based on what we now know, CBS News cannot prove that the documents are authentic, which is the only acceptable journalistic standard to justify using them in the report. We should not have used them. That was a mistake, which we deeply regret."

Dan Rather stated, "if I knew then what I know now I would not have gone ahead with the story as it was aired, and I certainly would not have used the documents in question."

In an interview with Dan Rather, Burkett admitted that he misled CBS about the source of the documents, and then claimed that the documents came to him from "Lucy Ramirez", whom CBS was unable to contact or identify as an actual person. Burkett said he then made copies at the local Kinko's and burned the original documents.

On September 21, CBS News addressed the contact with the Kerry campaign in its statement: "It is obviously against CBS News standards and those of every other reputable news organization to be associated with any political agenda." The next day the network announced it was forming an independent review panel to perform an internal investigation.

Review panel established

Dick Thornburgh, named by CBS to investigate with Louis Boccardi the events that led to the CBS report.

Soon after, CBS established a review panel "to help determine what errors occurred in the preparation of the report and what actions need to be taken." Dick Thornburgh, a Republican former governor of Pennsylvania and United States Attorney General under George H.W. Bush, and Louis Boccardi, retired president and chief executive officer and former executive editor of the Associated Press, made up the two-person review board. CBS also hired a private investigator, a former FBI agent named Erik T. Rigler, to gather further information about the story.

Findings

On January 5, 2005, the Report of the Independent Review Panel on the September 8, 2004, 60 Minutes Wednesday Segment "For the Record" Concerning President Bush's Air National Guard Service was released. The purpose of the panel was to examine the process by which the September 8 Segment was prepared and broadcast, to examine the circumstances surrounding the subsequent public statements and news reports by CBS News defending the segment, and to make any recommendations it deemed appropriate. Among the Panel's conclusions were the following:

The most serious defects in the reporting and production of the September 8 Segment were:

The failure to obtain clear authentication of any of the Killian documents from any document examiner;

The false statement in the September 8 Segment that an expert had authenticated the Killian documents when all he had done was authenticate one signature from one document used in the Segment;

The failure of 60 Minutes Wednesday management to scrutinize the publicly available, and at times controversial, background of the source of the documents, retired Texas Army National Guard Lieutenant Colonel Bill Burkett;

The failure to find and interview the individual who was understood at the outset to be Lieutenant Colonel Burkett source of the Killian documents, and thus to establish the chain of custody;

The failure to establish a basis for the statement in the Segment that the documents "were taken from Colonel Killian personal files";

The failure to develop adequate corroboration to support the statements in the Killian documents and to carefully compare the Killian documents to official TexANG records, which would have identified, at a minimum, notable inconsistencies in content and format;

The failure to interview a range of former National Guardsmen who served with Lieutenant Colonel Killian and who had different perspectives about the documents;

The misleading impression conveyed in the Segment that Lieutenant Strong had authenticated the content of the documents when he did not have the personal knowledge to do so;

The failure to have a vetting process capable of dealing effectively with the production speed, significance and sensitivity of the Segment; and

The telephone call prior to the Segment airing by the producer of the Segment to a senior campaign official of Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry a clear conflict of interest that created the appearance of a political bias.

Once questions were raised about the September 8 Segment, the reporting thereafter was mishandled and compounded the damage done. Among the more egregious shortcomings during the Aftermath were:

The strident defense of the September 8 Segment by CBS News without adequately probing whether any of the questions raised had merit;

Allowing many of the same individuals who produced and vetted the by-then controversial September 8 Segment to also produce the follow-up news reports defending the Segment;

The inaccurate press statements issued by CBS News after the broadcast of the Segment that the source of the documents was nimpeachable and that experts had vouched for their authenticity;

The misleading stories defending the Segment that aired on the CBS Evening News after September 8 despite strong and multiple indications of serious flaws;

The efforts by 60 Minutes Wednesday to find additional document examiners who would vouch for the authenticity of the documents instead of identifying the best examiners available regardless of whether they would support this position; and

Preparing news stories that sought to support the Segment, instead of providing accurate and balanced coverage of a raging controversy.

Panel's view of the documents

The Panel did not undertake a thorough examination of the authenticity of the Killian documents, but consulted Peter Tytell, a New York City-based forensic document examiner and typewriter and typography expert. Tytell had been contacted by 60 Minutes producers prior to the broadcast, and had informed associate producer Yvonne Miller and executive producer Josh Howard on September 10 that he believed the documents were forgeries. The Panel report stated, "The Panel met with Peter Tytell, and found his analysis sound in terms of why he thought the documents were not authentic...The Panel reaches no conclusion as to whether Tytell was correct in all respects."

Aftermath

CBS personnel and programming changes

CBS terminated Mary Mapes and demanded the resignations of 60 Minutes Wednesday Executive Producer Josh Howard and Howard's top deputy, Senior Broadcast Producer Mary Murphy, as well as Senior Vice President Betsy West, who had been in charge of all prime time newscasts. Murphy and West resigned on February 25, 2005, and after settling a legal dispute regarding his level of responsibility for the segment, Josh Howard resigned on March 25, 2005.

Dan Rather also resigned as anchorman in 2005. It is unclear whether or not Rather's retirement was directly caused by this incident, although many believe that he had to step down a year earlier than planned. Les Moonves, CEO of CBS, stated "Dan Rather has already apologized for the segment and taken responsibility for his part in the broadcast. He voluntarily moved to set a date to step down from the 'CBS Evening News' in March of 2005." He added, "We believe any further action would not be appropriate."

CBS was originally planning to show a '60 Minutes' report critical of the Bush administration justification for going to war in Iraq. This segment was replaced with the Killian documents segment. CBS further postponed airing the Iraq segment until after the election due to the controversy over the Killian documents. "We now believe it would be inappropriate to air the report so close to the presidential election," CBS spokesman Kelli Edwards said in a statement.

After the Killian documents controversy, the show was renamed 60 Minutes Wednesday to differentiate it from the original 60 Minutes Sunday edition, and reverted to its original title on July 8, 2005, when it was moved to the 8 p.m. Friday timeslot. It was cancelled in 2005 due to low ratings.

Mapes and Rather's view of the documents

On November 9, 2005, Mary Mapes gave an interview to ABC News correspondent Brian Ross. Mapes stated that the documents have never been proved to be forgeries. Ross expressed the view that the responsibility is on the reporter to verify their authenticity. Mapes responded with, "I don't think that's the standard." This stands in contrast to the statement of the president of CBS News that proof of authenticity is "the only acceptable journalistic standard." Also in November 2005, Mapes told readers of the Washington Post, "I personally believe the documents are not false," and "I was fired for airing a story that could not definitively be proved false but made CBS's public relations department cringe." As of September 2007, Mapes continues to defend the authenticity of the documents: "the far right blogosphere bully boys...screamed objections that ultimately proved to have no basis in fact."

On November 7, 2006, Rather defended the report in a radio interview, and rejected the CBS investigation's findings. In response, CBS spokesman Kevin Tedesco told the Associated Press, "CBS News stands by the report the independent panel issued on this matter and to this day, no one has been able to authenticate the documents in question."

Dan Rather continues to stand by the story, and in subsequent interviews has articulated that he believes that the documents have never conclusively been proven to be forgeries and that even if the documents are false, that the underlying story is true.

Dan Rather's lawsuit against CBS/Viacom

On September 19, 2007, Dan Rather filed a $70 million lawsuit against CBS and its former corporate parent, Viacom, claiming they had made him a "scapegoat" over the controversy caused by the 2004 "60 Minutes Wednesday" report that featured the Killian documents. The suit names as defendants: CBS and its CEO, Leslie Moonves; Viacom, Sumner Redstone, chairman of both Viacom and CBS Corporation; and Andrew Heyward, the former president of CBS News.

In January, 2008, the legal teams for Dan Rather and CBS reached an agreement to produce for Rather's attorneys "virtually all of the materials" related to the case, including the findings of Erik T. Rigler's report to CBS about the documents and the story.

On September 29, 2009 New York State Appeals Court dismissed Dan Rather's lawsuit and claimed that the lower court should have honored CBS's request to throw out the entire lawsuit instead of just throwing out parts.

Authentication issues

Main article: Killian documents authenticity issues

No generally recognized document experts have positively authenticated the memos. Since CBS used only faxed and photocopied duplicates, authentication to professional standards is impossible, regardless of the provenance of the originals.

Document experts have challenged the authenticity of the documents as photocopies of valid originals on a variety of grounds ranging from anachronisms of their typography, their quick reproducibility using modern technology, and to errors in their content and style.

Other commentators disagreed. Dr. David Hailey, director of the Interactive Media Research Labs in the English Department of Utah State University has argued that the Killian documents were produced on an unspecified typewriter, though he does not assert their authenticity.

The CBS independent panel report did not specifically take up the question of whether the documents were forgeries, but retained a document expert, Peter Tytell, who concluded the documents used by CBS were most likely produced using modern technology.

Tytell concluded ... that (i) the relevant portion of the Superscript Exemplar was produced on an Olympia manual typewriter, (ii) the Killian documents were not produced on an Olympia manual typewriter and (iii) the Killian documents were produced on a computer in Times New Roman typestyle [and that] the Killian documents were not produced on a typewriter in the early 1970s and therefore were not authentic.

Accusations of bias

Some critics of CBS and Dan Rather argued that by proceeding with the story when the documents had not been authenticated, CBS was exhibiting liberal bias and attempting to influence the outcome of the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election. Freelance journalist Michael Smith had emailed Mapes, asking, "What if there was a person who might have some information that could possibly change the momentum of an election but we needed to get an ASAP book deal to help get us the information?" Mapes replied, "that looks good, hypothetically speaking of course." The Thornburgh-Boccardi report found that Mapes' contact with Kerry adviser Joe Lockhart was "highly inappropriate", and that it "crossed the line as, at a minimum, it gave the appearance of a political bias and could have been perceived as a news organizations' assisting a campaign as opposed to reporting on a story," however, the Panel did not "find a basis to accuse those who investigated, produced, vetted or aired the Segment of having a political bias." In a later interview with The Washington Post, when asked about the issue of political bias, review panel member Louis Boccardi said "bias is a hard thing to prove." The panel concluded that the problems occurred "primarily because of a rush to air that overwhelmed the proper application of the CBS News Standards".

Some Democratic critics of Bush suggested that the memos were produced by the Bush campaign to discredit the media's reporting on Bush's National Guard service. The chairman of the Democratic National Committee, Terry McAuliffe, suggested that the memos might have originated with long-time Bush strategist Karl Rove. McAuliffe told reporters on September 10, "I can tell you that nobody at the Democratic National Committee or groups associated with us were involved in any way with these documents," he said. "I'm just saying that I would ask Karl Rove the same question." McAuliffe later pointed out that Rove and another Republican operative, Ralph E. Reed, Jr., had "a known history of dirty tricks," and he asked whether Republican National Committee chairman Ed Gillespie would rule out any involvement by GOP consultant Roger Stone. At a community forum in Utica, New York in 2005, U.S. Representative Maurice Hinchey (D-NY) pointed out that the controversy served Rove's objectives: "Once they did that, then it undermined everything else about Bush's draft dodging. That had the effect of taking the whole issue away." After being criticized, Hinchey responded, "I didn't allege I had any facts. I said this is what I believe and take it for what it's worth."

Rove and Stone have denied any involvement. In a 2008 interview in The New Yorker, Stone said "It was nuts to think I had anything to do with those documents...[t]hose papers were potentially devastating to George Bush. You couldn put them out there assuming that they would be discredited. You couldn have assumed that this would redound to Bush benefit. I believe in bank shots, but that one was too big a risk."

See also

George W. Bush military service controversy

Questioned document examination

United States journalism scandals

Footnotes

^ The name "Rathergate" is used by people who believe the superscripted "th" glyphs in the memos show that they were produced on a computer. For more information, see the companion article.

^ Two entitled "Memo to File," one "Memorandum," and one "Memorandum for Record," see here for pdf versions at the Washington Post website.

^ Dobbs, Michael and Howard Kurtz (September 14, 2004). ""Expert Cited by CBS Says He Didn't Authenticate Papers."". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A18982-2004Sep13?language=printer. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 

^ Ross, Brian and Howard Rosenberg (September 14, 2004). ""Document Analysts: CBS News Ignored Doubts."". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Investigation/Story?id=131423&page=1. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 

^ "CBS ousts 4 over Bush Guard story.". Associated Press. January 10, 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6807825/. Retrieved 2008-03-14. : "Boccardi and Thornburgh found that Mapes had said the documents were authenticated, when in fact she had found only one expert to vouch for only one signature in the memo."

^ Including Peter Tytell and Thomas Phinney, as well as a Joseph Newcomer, a man with 35 years of computer font technology experience. See: Last, Jonathan. ""It's Worse Than You Thought". http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/124mrhci.asp?pg=1. Retrieved 2008-03-10.  The Weekly Standard, January 11, 2005, and Cohen, Sandee. Making Headlines, Not Setting Them, creativepro.com, September 23, 2004.

^ Also, Bill Flynn, "one of country's top authorities on document authentication."""Officer's Widow Questions Bush Guard Memos."". ABC News. September 10, 2004. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2004/Story?id=123461&page=2. Retrieved 2008-03-18.  and document expert Sandra Ramsey Lines: "'I'm virtually certain these were computer generated,'" ""Bush Guard Memos Questioned"". http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/10/politics/main642729.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-12.  CBS News, September 10, 2004

^ "Because the memos were copies, Matley said in a recent interview, "there's no way that I, as a document expert, can authenticate them." Kurtz, Howard, et al., ""In Rush to Air, CBS Quashed Memo Worries."". http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A31727-2004Sep18_2.html. Retrieved 2008-03-12.  The Washington Post, September 18, 2004. Marcel Matley was one of the four document examiners originally retained by CBS to examine the Killian documents.

^ Dave Moniz, Kevin Johnson and Jim Drinkard (September 21, 2004). ""CBS backs off Guard story"". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-21-cover-guard_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 

^ TB report, p. 137.

^ TB report, p. 137: "This statement was without factual support...It is without question, however, that Matley [the expert referenced] did not authenticate any of the documents in question."

^ a b Memmot, Mark (September 21, 2004). "Scoops and skepticism: How the story unfolded."". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-21-guard-scoops-skepticism_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-21. 

^ a b c d "Dan Rather Statement On Memos". CBS News. September 20, 2005. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/20/politics/main644546.shtml. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ a b "CBS Names Memo Probe Panel". CBS News. September 22, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/06/politics/main641481.shtml. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ "Thornburgh-Boccardi report" (PDF). CBS News. http://wwwimage.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/CBS_Report.pdf. Retrieved 2005-12-21. 

^ Burkett, Bill. ""What do you say?"". http://www.onlinejournal.com/bush/031903Burkett/031903burkett.html. Retrieved 2008-03-12.  onlinejournal.com, March 19, 2003.

^ See Ripley, Amanda (September 13, 2004). ""The X Files Of Lt. Bush: A flurry of contested memos and memories sheds more heat than light on his record"". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,1101040920-695873,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-25.  and Dobbs, Michael (September 12, 2004). ""Gaps in Service Continue to Dog Bush"". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14627-2004Sep11.html. Retrieved 2008-03-25. 

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, p. 53.

^ Moniz, Dave; Drinkard, Jim; and Kevin Johnson (September 21, 2004). ""Texan has made allegations for years"". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-21-burkett-side_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 

^ Bill Burkett (March 19, 2003). "What do you say?". Online Journal. http://onlinejournal.com/bush/031903Burkett/031903burkett.html. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ Michael Rezendes (February 13, 2004). "Doubts raised on Bush accuser". Boston Globe online. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/02/13/doubts_raised_on_bush_accuser?mode=PF. Retrieved 2005-12-20. 

^ Robinson, Walter V. (December 11, 2005). "Truth and Duty: a distorted lens". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2005/12/11/truth_and_duty_a_distorted_lens/?page=2. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 

^ Johnson, Kevin; Moniz, Dave; and Jim Drinkard (September 20, 2004). "CBS arranged for meeting with Lockhart". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-20-cbs-documents_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 6062

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 6465

^ Dave Moniz, Kevin Johnson and Jim Drinkard (September 21, 2004). "CBS backs off Guard story". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-21-cover-guard_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 

^ [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/08/60II/main641984.shtml "New Questions on Bush Guard Duty"]. CBS News. September 8, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/08/60II/main641984.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 9091

^ Carl Cameron et al. (September 22, 2004). "Kerry Aide Talked to Bush Guard Docs Figure". FoxNews.com. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,132996,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 

^ "Memorandum, May 4, 1972" (PDF). http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/BushGuardmay4.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-17. 

^ "Memorandum for Record, August 1, 1972" (PDF). http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/BushGuardaugust1.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-17. 

^ "Memo to File, May 19, 1972" (PDF). http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/BushGuardmay19.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-17. 

^ "Memo to File, August 18, 1973" (PDF). http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/BushGuardaugust18.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-17. 

^ Moniz, Dave and Drinkard, Jim (2004-09-09). ""Guard commander's memos criticize Bush."". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-09-bush-guard-memos_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-17. 

^ "Bush documents obtained by USA TODAY" (PDF). http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-09-09bushdocs.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-17. 

^ a b Dave Moniz, Kevin Johnson and Jim Drinkard (September 21, 2004). "CBS backs off Guard story". USA TODAY. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-21-cover-guard_x.htm. Retrieved 2005-12-20. 

^ "Bush Guard Memos Questioned.". CBS News, Associated Press. September 10, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/10/politics/main642729.shtml. Retrieved 2005-12-20. 

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, p.88

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, p. 129.

^ Michael Dobbs and Mike Allen (September 9, 2004). "Some Question Authenticity of Papers on Bush". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A9967-2004Sep9.html. Retrieved 2004-12-20. 

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg 103

^ Ralph Blumenthal and Jim Rutenberg (September 12, 2004). "An Ex-Officer Now Believes Guard Memo Isn't Genuine". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/12/politics/campaign/12guard.html?ex=1135227600&en=70edb1f42aa3edfe&ei=5070. Retrieved 2005-12-20.  Registration required.

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg 12

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp 8486

^ a b Howard Kurtz, Michael Dobbs and James V. Grimaldi (September 19, 2004). "In Rush to Air, CBS Quashed Memo Worries."". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A31727-2004Sep18_2.html. Retrieved 2008-03-17. 

^ a b CBS/AP (September 15, 2004). "GOP Slams CBS on Bush Memos"". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/16/politics/main643838.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-17. 

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, p. 86

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp 9899

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg 101

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 108110

^ Transcript of CBS segment

^ David Folkenflik (September 13, 2004). "Rather's doubters unmoved"". The Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/bal-to.cbs13sep13,1,3810194.story?coll=bal-features-headlines. Retrieved 2008-03-17. 

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pp. 128129

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg. 130

^ Howard Kurtz (2004-09-20). "After Blogs Got Hits, CBS Got a Black Eye". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A34153-2004Sep19.html. 

^ "Nation & World: "Buckhead," who said CBS memos were forged, is a GOP-linked attorney". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002039080_buckhead18.html. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ Wallsten, Peter (September 18, 2004). """Buckhead," who said CBS memos were forged, is a GOP-linked attorney"". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002039080_buckhead18.html. Retrieved 2008-03-17. 

^ Grossman, Lev (December 19, 2004). ""Blogs have their day."". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/personoftheyear/2004/poyblogger.html. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 

^ Hayes, Stephen F. (September 9, 2004). ""Is it a hoax?"". The Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/004/596astgo.asp. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 

^ Boehlert, Eric (September 10, 2004). "Swift Boat flacks attack CBS". Salon.com. http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2004/09/10/forgery/. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 

^ Jim Geraghty (September 10, 2004). ""About that Bush document."". National Review Online. http://tks.nationalreview.com/post/?q=YTFmODM3ZWI1MjY4NjQwNTdhMzg1MTE5NjJkNGMxMWY. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 

^ Wallsten, Peter. "No disputing it, blogs are major players." LA Times, September 12, 2004. "y Microsoft Word version, typed in 2004, is an exact match for the documents trumpeted by CBS News as uthentic, Johnson wrote, posting images of his creation and the CBS document."

^ ""Officer's Widow Questions Bush Guard Documents"". ABC News. September 10, 2004. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2004/story?id=123461&page=1. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 

^ "New Scrutiny Of Bush's Service". CBS News. September 9, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/10/politics/main642489.shtml. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ Rosen, James (September 10, 2004). "FOX Interviews Commander's Son". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,132047,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-25. 

^ a b Michael Dobbs and Mike Allen (September 10, 2004). "Some Question Authenticity of Papers on Bush". The Washington Post. p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A9967-2004Sep9.html. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 

^ ""CBS Stands By Bush-Guard Memos"". CBS News. September 10, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/11/politics/main642787.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 

^ Moore, Art (September 9, 2004). ""CBS News denies Bush docs forged."". WorldNetDaily. http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=40376. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 

^ "The Note". ABC News. September 10, 2004. http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/TheNote/TheNote_Sept1004.html. Retrieved 2007-03-20. 

^ Seelye, Katharine Q. and Rutenberg, Jim (September 10, 2004). "Commander's Son Questions Memos on Bush's Service". http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/10/politics/campaign/10guard.html. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 

^ a b Associated Press (September 10l 2004). ""Authenticity of new Bush military papers questioned."". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-10-bush-guard_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 

^ Slover, Pete (September 11, 2004). ""More challenges about whether Bush documents are authentic"". Dallas Morning News, Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationalpolitics/2002032742_bushguard11.html. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 

^ Kurtz, Howard (September 11, 2004). ""Rather Defends CBS Over Memos on Bush". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12809-2004Sep10.html. Retrieved 2008-03-25. 

^ ""Bush Guard Memos Questioned"". CBS News. September 10, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/10/politics/main642729.shtml. Retrieved 2008-03-12. 

^ a b c "CBS Evening News Transcript" (PDF). CBS News. September 10, 2004. http://wwwimage.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/1D.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ a b "A Look Back At The Controversy". CBS News. January 11, 2005. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/10/national/main665817.shtml. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg 174

^ Last, Jonathan (September 27, 2004). ""What Blogs Have Wrought"". The Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/004/640pgolk.asp?pg=2. Retrieved 2008-03-20. 

^ a b "CBS Evening News Transcript" (PDF). CBS News. September 11, 2004. http://wwwimage.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/1E.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ "Further scrutiny lessens doubts on Bush memos / Some skeptics now say IBM typewriter could have been used". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/09/11/MNGO68NEKR1.DTL. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ "Authenticity backed on Bush documents". The Boston Globe, September 11, 2004.. http://www.boston.com/ae/media/articles/2004/09/11/authenticity_backed_on_bush_documents/. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 

^ Globe repudiates title of September 11 article."For the Record". The Boston Globe, September 15, 2004. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/09/15/for_the_record/. Retrieved 2007-03-25. 

^ "CBS Evening News Transcript" (PDF). CBS News. September 13, 2004. http://wwwimage.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/1F.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ Kevin Drum (September 10, 2004). "Killian Memo Update". Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2004_09/004669.php#261559. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ Emery, Noemie (September 21, 2004). ""Dear Mr. Rather,"". The Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/004/660naguj.asp. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 

^ a b "CBS' experts say they didn't authenticate Bush memos". CNN. September 15, 2004. http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/09/15/bush.guard.memos/index.html. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ a b "CBS News affirms its intention to continue to report all aspects of the story" (PDF). CBS News. September 15, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/cbsstatement.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ "CBS Defends Bush Memos". CBS News. September 15, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/15/politics/main643541.shtml. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ Robert Crowe and Julie Mason (September 15, 2004). "Ex-staffer: Bush records are fake; Secretary to military officer says she never typed the memos". The Houston Chronicle: p. A7. 

^ Maureen Balleza and Kate Zernike (September 15, 2004). ""Memos on Bush Are Fake but Accurate, Typist Says"". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/15/politics/campaign/15guard.html?ex=1095912000&en=3f67b230dff29e57&ei=5006&partner=ALTAVISTA1. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 

^ ""The fake but accurate media."". The Weekly Standard. September 27, 2004. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/004/634lbcgo.asp. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 

^ Taranto, James (September 15, 2004). ""All the News that's Fake but Accurate."". The Wall Street Journal Online. http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=110005624. Retrieved 2008-03-15. 

^ Kurtz, Howard (September 16, 2004). "Rather Concedes Papers Are Suspect; CBS Anchor Urges Media to Focus On Bush Service". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24633-2004Sep15.html. Retrieved 2008-03-25. 

^ Hagan, Joe (February 27, 2005). "CBS News' Boss Hired Private Eye To Source Memos". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/node/50441. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 

^ Scott McClellan briefing, September 15, 2004, at

^ "CBS Guard Documents Traced to Tex. Kinko's". The Washington Post. September 15, 2004. p. A06. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A24635-2004Sep15.html. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ Rutenberg, Jim and Prendergast, Mark J. (September 20, 2004). ""CBS Asserts It Was Misled by Ex-Officer on Bush Documents"". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/20/politics/campaign/20CND-GUAR.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2008-03-25. 

^ "CBS Statement On Bush Memos". CBS News. September 20, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/20/politics/main644539.shtml. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ "CBS News Statement On Panel". CBS News. September 22, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/22/politics/main644969.shtml. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ Hagen, Joe (March 13, 2005). "Dan Rather's Long Goodbye: Who Done It?". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/node/50507. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 

^ Dick Thornburgh and Louis D. Boccardi, Review of the Independent Review Panel. CBS News: January 5, 2005

^ a b Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg. 175

^ Jacques Steinberg (February 26, 2005). "2 Involved in Flawed Report at CBS Resign". The New York Times: p. B18. 

^ "Final Figure in '60 Minutes' Scandal Resigns". The Associated Press. March 25, 2005. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,151180,00.html. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ "Who killed Dan Rather?". Salon.com. March 9, 2005. http://archive.salon.com/opinion/feature/2005/03/09/rather/index.html. Retrieved 2007-03-23. 

^ Carter, Bill (January 11, 2005). ""Analysis: Post-Mortem of CBS's Flawed Broadcast"". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/11/business/media/11network.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5094&en=36f0636021244f73&hp&ex=1105506000&partner=homepage. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 

^ Zernike, Kate (2004-09-25). "'60 Minutes' Delays Report Questioning Reasons for Iraq War". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/25/politics/campaign/25cbs.html?ex=1253851200&en=5c69abd689bb79d5&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt. Retrieved 2007-09-20. 

^ ""Final Days at "60 Minutes"". The Washington Post. November 11, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2005/11/10/DI2005111001414.html?nav=nsc. Retrieved 2008-03-25. 

^ Mapes, Mary (2007-09-20). "Courage for Dan Rather". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mary-mapes/courage-for-dan-rather_b_65257.html. Retrieved 2008-01-22. 

^ Baker, Mike (2006-11-07). "Rather defends discredited 60 Minutes segment in radio interview". AP. http://www.heraldsun.com/state/6-785989.html. Retrieved 2006-11-10. 

^ "Transcript of WPTF interview with Dan Rather". The News & Observer. http://www.newsobserver.com/308/story/507427.html. Retrieved 2006-11-09. 

^ [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20874051 ""Rather files $70 million lawsuit against CBS Newsman alleges network made him capegoat for discredited story""]. Associated Press. September 20, 2007. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20874051. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 

^ A PDF copy of the suit can be found on at .

^ Gilette, Felix (January 23, 2008). ""CBS Agrees to Hand Over 'Rigler Report' to Rather's Legal Team"". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/2008/cbs-agrees-hand-over-rigler-report-rathers-legal-team. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 

^ Appeals court dismisses Dan Rather's suit vs. CBS

^ Kurtz, Howard Document Experts Say CBS Ignored Memo 'Red Flags' Washington Post Accessed April 2006

^ David Hailey, PhD. "The Second of Two Examinations of the "Killian Memos"". http://imrl.usu.edu/bush_memo_study/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ "Thornburg-Boccardi Report, Appendix 4" (PDF). CBS News. http://wwwimage.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/appendix_4.pdf. Retrieved 2005-12-21. 

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi report, pg. 62

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi Report, pg. 211

^ The Washington Post, January 11, 2005; Page A01, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A2148-2005Jan11.html

^ Thornburgh-Boccardi Report, pg. 221

^ Noelle Straub (September 11, 2004). "CBS; Guard memos are authentic; Dems rip Bush's service". The Boston Herald: p. 10. 

^ Robert Sam Anson (September 20, 2004). "Who Is Buckhead? Kerry Assaulter Seemed Prepped". New York Observer: p. 1.  via Lexis/Nexis

^ Matthew Continetti (October 4, 2004). "The Case of the Phony Memos". The Weekly Standard.  via Lexis/Nexis

^ Stephen Dinan and Bill Sammon (September 22, 2004). "Kerry camp rejects CBS link". The Washington Times: p. A01. http://washingtontimes.com/national/20040922-122835-2135r.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-20. 

^ a b Brooks, Paul (February 22, 2005), "Hinchey sees hand of Rove", Times Herald-Record, http://archive.recordonline.com/archive/2005/02/22/hinchey2.htm 

^ "Rove rejects charges he was CBS source". The Washington Times. September 22, 2004. http://www.washtimes.com/national/20040922-101433-4296r.htm. Retrieved 2005-12-21. 

^ "Parties lob accusations over suspect papers". USA Today. September 21, 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-09-21-cbs-parties_x.htm. Retrieved 2005-12-21. 

^ Toobin, Jeffrey (June 2, 2008). ""The Dirty Trickster"". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_toobin?currentPage=all. Retrieved 2008-06-14. 

External links

Killian documents .PDF files

These are the Killian documents supplied to CBS Reports by Bill Burkett:

Memorandum, May 4, 1972 (CBS News)

Memo to File, May 19, 1972 (CBS News)

Memorandum For Record, August 1, 1972 (CBS News)

Memo to File, August 18, 1973 (CBS News)

USA Today Killian documents (USA Today, six memos in one .pdf file)

Bush documents from the TexANG archives

Page 31 is a 3 Nov 1970 memo from the office of Lt Col Killian on promotion of Lt Bush:

Bush enlistment documents (USA Today)

60 Minutes II, September 8 transcript

Transcript of CBS segment

Statements of the CBS document examiners

Marcel B. Matley, September 14, 2004

James J. Pierce, September 14, 2004

Bill Glennon, September 13, 2004

Richard Katz, September 13, 2004

The Thornburgh-Boccardi Report

"The Complete Independent Panel Report on CBS News" (PDF). http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/CBS_Report.pdf. Retrieved 2006-03-18. 

"Exhibits and Appendices for report". http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/10/national/main665818.shtml. Retrieved 2006-03-18. 

Document analysis

A Pentagon memo next to one of CBS's Killian memos The Washington Post, September 14, 2004

The Paper Trail: A Comparison of Documents The Washington Post, September 18, 2004

Graphic comparison of all the CBS memos with officially ...

Wilier Triestina

China Suppliers


reviews.roadbikereview.com/blog/wilier-triestina-italian-bicycles-%E2%80%93-102-years-of-history/. Retrieved 2008-12-21. 

^ "Wilier Triestina - History". http://www.willier.it. Retrieved 2008-12-21. 

^ Chicago Tribune kenworth trucks

External links truck wheel rim

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Categories: Cycle manufacturersHidden categories: Orphaned articles from February 2009 | All orphaned articles

Mannan

China Suppliers




For the god of the sea, see Manannan mac Lir.

For the Tamil film, see Mannan (film). konica copier

Mannan is a plant polysaccharide that is a polymer of the sugar mannose. canon photocopier

Detection of mannan leads to lysis in the mannan-binding lectin pathway.It is generally found in yeast, bacteria and plants. It shows (1-4) linkage. It is a form of a storage polysaccharide. used copiers

References

^ MeSH Mannan

This chemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v  d  e

v  d  e

Types of Carbohydrates

General:

Aldose  Ketose  Pyranose  Furanose

Geometry

Cyclohexane conformation  Anomer  Mutarotation

Monosaccharides

Trioses

Ketotriose (Dihydroxyacetone)  Aldotriose (Glyceraldehyde)

Tetroses

Ketotetrose (Erythrulose)  Aldotetroses (Erythrose, Threose)

Pentoses

Ketopentose (Ribulose, Xylulose)

Aldopentose (Ribose, Arabinose, Xylose, Lyxose)

Deoxy sugar (Deoxyribose)

Hexoses

Ketohexose (Psicose, Fructose, Sorbose, Tagatose)

Aldohexose (Allose, Altrose, Glucose, Mannose, Gulose, Idose, Galactose, Talose)

Deoxy sugar (Fucose, Fuculose, Rhamnose)

>6

Heptose (Sedoheptulose)  Octose  Nonose (Neuraminic acid)

Multiple

Disaccharides

Sucrose  Lactose  Maltose  Trehalose  Turanose  Cellobiose

Trisaccharides

Raffinose  Melezitose  Maltotriose

Tetrasaccharides

Acarbose  Stachyose

Other oligosaccharides

Fructooligosaccharide (FOS)  Galactooligosaccharides (GOS)  Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS)

Polysaccharides

Glucose/Glucan: Glycogen  Starch (Amylose, Amylopectin)  Cellulose  Dextrin/Dextran  Beta-glucan (Zymosan, Lentinan, Sizofiran)  Maltodextrin

Fructose/Fructan: Inulin  Levan beta 26

Mannose/Mannan

Galactose/Galactan

N-Acetylglucosamine: Chitin

Major families of biochemicals

Saccharides/Carbohydrates/Glycosides  Amino acids/Peptides/Proteins/Glycoproteins  Lipids/Terpenes/Steroids/Carotenoids  Alkaloids/Nucleobases/Nucleic acids  Cofactors/Phenylpropanoids/Polyketides/Tetrapyrroles

Categories: Chemistry stubs

RGB color space

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Intuition

An RGB color space can be easily understood by thinking of it as "all possible colors" that can be made from three colourants for red, green and blue. Imagine, for example, shining three lights together onto a white wall: one red light, one green light, and one blue light, each with dimmer switches. If only the red light is on, the wall will look red. If only the green light is on, the wall will look green. If the red and green lights are on together, the wall will look yellow. Dim the red light some and the wall will become more of a yellow-green. Dim the green light instead, and the wall will become more orange. Bringing up the blue light a bit will cause the orange to become less saturated and more whitish. In all, each setting of the three dimmer switches will produce a different result, either in color or in brightness or both. The set of all possible results is the gamut defined by those particular color light bulbs. Swap out the red light bulb for one of a different brand that is slightly more orange, and there will be slightly different gamut, since the set of all colors that can be produced with the three lights will be changed.

An LCD display can be thought of as a grid of thousands of little red, green, and blue light bulbs, each with their own dimmer switch. The gamut of the display will depend on the three colors used for the red, green and blue lights. A wide-gamut display will have very saturated, "pure" light colors, and thus be able to display very saturated, deep colors. compaq armada m700 battery

Applications dell x300 battery

RGB is a convenient color model for computer graphics because the human visual system works in a way that is similar though not quite identical to an RGB color space. The most commonly used RGB color spaces are sRGB and Adobe RGB (which has a significantly larger gamut). Adobe has recently developed another color space called Adobe Wide Gamut RGB, which is even larger, in detriment to gamut density. rechargeable lithium aa batteries

As of 2007, sRGB is by far the most commonly used RGB color space, particularly in consumer grade digital cameras, HD video cameras, and computer monitors. HDTVs use a similar space, sharing the sRGB primaries, commonly called Rec. 709. sRGB is considered adequate for most consumer applications. Having all devices use the same color space is convenient in that an image does not need to be converted from one color space to another before being displayed. However, sRGB's limited gamut leaves out many highly saturated colors that can be produced by printers or in film, and thus is not ideal for some high quality applications. The wider gamut Adobe RGB is being built into more medium-grade digital cameras, and is favored by many professional graphic artists for its larger gamut.

Specifications

RGB spaces are generally specified by defining three primary colors and a white point. In the table below the three primary colors and white points for various RGB spaces are given. The primary colors are specified in terms of their CIE 1931 color space chromaticity coordinates (x,y).

Some RGB color space parameters (from Susstrunk, Buckley and Swen 2005)

Color Space

Gamut

White Point

Primaries

xR

yR

xG

yG

xB

yB

ISO RGB

Limited

floating

floating

Extended ISO RGB

Unlimited (signed)

floating

floating

sRGB,

HDTV (ITU-R BT.709-5)

CRT

D65

0.64

0.33

0.30

0.60

0.15

0.06

scRGB

Unlimited (signed)

D65

0.64

0.33

0.30

0.60

0.15

0.06

ROMM RGB

Wide

D50

0.7347

0.2653

0.1596

0.8404

0.0366

0.0001

Adobe RGB 98

CRT

D65

0.64

0.34

0.21

0.71

0.15

0.06

Apple RGB

CRT

D65

0.625

0.34

0.28

0.595

0.155

0.07

NTSC (FCC 1953, ITU-R BT.470-2 System M)

CRT

C

0.67

0.33

0.21

0.71

0.14

0.08

NTSC (1979)

(SMPTE 170M/240M, SMPTE RP 145 "SMPTE C")

CRT

D65

0.63

0.34

0.31

0.595

0.155

0.07

PAL/SECAM

(EBU 3213, ITU-R BT.470-2 System B, G)

CRT

D65

0.64

0.33

0.29

0.60

0.15

0.06

Adobe Wide Gamut RGB

Wide

D50

0.735

0.265

0.115

0.826

0.157

0.018

CIE (1931)

Wide

E

0.7347

0.2653

0.2738

0.7174

0.1666

0.0089

The CIE 1931 color space standard defines both the CIE RGB space, which is an RGB color space with monochromatic primaries, and the CIE XYZ color space, which works like an RGB color space except that it has non-physical primaries that can not be said to be red, green, and blue.

See also

Web colors

External links

Pascale, Danny. "A Review of RGB color spaces...from xyY to R'G'B'" (PDF). http://www.babelcolor.com/download/A%20review%20of%20RGB%20color%20spaces.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-21. 

Susstrunk, Buckley and Swen. "Standard RGB Color Spaces" (PDF). http://infoscience.epfl.ch/getfile.py?mode=best&recid=34089. Retrieved November 18, 2005. 

ShootSmarter.com. "sRGB vs Adobe RGB: The Truth". http://www.shootsmarter.com/infocenter/wc025.html. Retrieved November 18, 2005.  - a summary of the practical aspects of using the two spaces (requires membership - membership free if email provided.)

Lindbloom, Bruce. "RGB Working Space Information". http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?WorkingSpaceInfo.html. Retrieved November 18, 2005. 

Colantoni, Philippe. "RGB cube transformation in different color spaces". http://www.couleur.org/index.php?page=rgbcube. 

v  d  e

Color space

List of color spaces  Color models

CIE

XYZ  L*a*b*  L*u*v*  Yuv  U*V*W*

RGB

color spaces  sRGB  Adobe  Wide Gamut  ProPhoto  scRGB

YUV

YUV (PAL)  YDbDr (SECAM)  YIQ (NTSC)  YCbCr  YPbPr  xvYCC

Other

LMS  HSL, HSV  CMYK  CcMmYK  Hexachrome  RYB  Munsell  NCS  Pantone  RAL

OSA-UCS  Coloroid  RG  Ostwald  DIN  PCCS  ABC  DCA  JIS Z8102  ISCC-NBS Imaginary color

See color vision for the vision capacities of organisms or machines.

Categories: Color space

Chip

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A chip is a small piece broken from a larger piece of solid material.

Chip or chips and similar may also refer to:

Banking loose pearls

Clearing House Interbank Payments System, a privately held clearing house for large-value transactions in the United States baroque pearl

Entertainment mabe pearl

CHiPs, a television series about the California Highway Patrol (1977-1983)

CHiPs '99, the television reunion movie (1998)

The Chips a short-lived New York doo-wop band from the 1950s

Chips (band), a Swedish pop and country group

Chips r yummy (album), an album by the same group

Ch!pz, a Dutch band popular in The Netherlands and in some European countries

Mr. Chips, the mascot for the UK game show Catchphrase

Fictional

Chip and Skip, two dung beetle brothers on the animated series Camp Lazlo!

Chip 'n Dale, two animated chipmunks created by The Walt Disney Company

Chip Skylark, a character from the TV show "The Fairly OddParents"

Chip, a character from Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring

Chip, a teacup from the Beauty And The Beast series

Chips, The dog in EastEnders owned by the Beale family

Mr Chips, a private-school teacher in Goodbye, Mr. Chips

Chip & Biff Oblong, two Conjoined twins from the TV show the Oblongs

Chip, Sonic's companion in the game Sonic Unleashed

Food

Chips (UK usage), French fries (USA usage), long cuts of potato that are deep fried

Corn chip, a snack food made from corn

Tortilla chip, a snack food made from corn tortillas

Potato chips (USA usage), a snack food made from potatoes, known as crisps in some English-speaking countries, including the UK

Chocolate chip, small chunks of chocolate, used for making chocolate-chip cookies, among other things

Banana chips, deep fried or dried slices of banana covered in honey or sugar

People

Charlotte Martin, Singer, name given to her by her fans

Chip Arndt (born 1966), winner of The Amazing Race 4

Encouraging Bear, Oglala medicine man also known as Chips

Henry Channon (18971958), nicknamed "chips", British Member of Parliament and diarist

Chip Kidd (born 1964), graphic designer and author

Chip Esten (born 1965), actor

Chips Kiesbye (born 1963), record producer and musician

Sports

Chip timing is the time a runner passes the from the starting to the finishing lines in a race. It is recorded by a chip that records when these points are passed by the runner. In such races as a marathon the race can start long before the runners at the back of the field pass the starting point, and begin what would be the main course of the race.

A Chip stroke or Chip-In, when relating to Golf, is one type of stroke for getting the ball onto the green, while Chip-In, is having the ball fall into the hole when the stroke was not a putt from the green, or a hole in one.

Technology

Chip (CDMA), the fundamental unit of transmission in CDMA

CHIP (programming language), based on Prolog

Chip card, credit card, payment card or identification card containing an embedded integrated circuit

CHIP-8, a programming language used for video game programming in the 1970s

Chipseal, a pavement surface treatment

Chiptune, music synthesized by a computer sound chip

ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation), a molecular biology method to map DNA sites of specific protein-DNA interaction, such as promoters

CHIPSat

Integrated circuit "chip"

Microprocessor "chip"

Modchip, hardware modification to circumvent DRM systems in game consoles

Transponder timing chip, a miniature transponder used in timing running events, usually attached to the shoe

Other

Buffalo chip or cow dung, dried bovine feces

Casino token or poker chip, a token of currency in gambling

CHIP (magazine), a German computer magazine

CHIP India (magazine), Indian edition of German computer magazine CHIP

Chips (dog), an American wardog who served in World War II

Chip (wood), small piece of wood

Chips (literary magazine), the award winning literary and art magazine of Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School

Chips Group, a company based in land, Finland

Chip's Challenge, a computer game

Common Hybrid Interface Protocol System or CHIPS defines Mixed Interface and Protocol Systems used in serial communications

DNA chip, a synonym for DNA microarray

Goodbye, Mr. Chips, a novel by James Hilton, first published in 1934

State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the State Children's Health Insurance Program in the U.S.

A type of football (soccer) shot

A type of golf shot

Foot chip, a type of climbing hold

Paint chip, a piece of dried paint

See also

CHIP

Crisp (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.

If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All article disambiguation pages | All disambiguation pages

Toyota

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Name

Toyota headquarters in Toyota City, Japan

Vehicles were originally sold under the name "Toyoda" (), from the family name of the company's founder, Kiichir Toyoda. In September 1936, the company ran a public competition to design a new logo. Out of 27,000 entries the winning entry was the three Japanese katakana letters for "Toyoda" in a circle. But Risabur Toyoda, who had married into the family and was not born with that name, preferred "Toyota" () because it took eight brush strokes (a fortuitous number) to write in Japanese, was visually simpler (leaving off the diacritic at the end) and with a voiceless consonant instead of a voiced one (voiced consonants are considered to have a "murky" or "muddy" sound compared to voiceless consonants, which are "clear"). Since "Toyoda" literally means "fertile rice paddies", changing the name also helped to distance the company from associations with old-fashioned farming. The newly formed word was trademarked and the company was registered in August 1937 as the "Toyota Motor Company". used compact tractors

In predominantly Chinese-speaking countries or regions using traditional Chinese characters, e.g. Hong Kong and Taiwan, Toyota is known as "". In predominantly Chinese speaking countries using simplified Chinese characters (e.g. China), Toyota is known as "" (pronounced as "Fngtin" in the Mandarin Chinese dialect). These are the same characters as the founding family's name "Toyoda" in Japanese, which translate to "fertile rice paddies" in the Chinese language as well. mahindra tractor

From September 1947, Toyota's small-sized vehicles were sold under the name "Toyopet" (). The first vehicle sold under this name was the Toyopet SA but it also included vehicles such as the Toyopet SB light truck, Toyopet Stout light truck, Toyopet Crown and the Toyopet Corona. However, when Toyota eventually entered the American market in 1957 with the Crown, the name was not well received due to connotations of toys and pets. The name was soon dropped for the American market but continued in other markets until the mid 1960s. ford 5000 tractor

History

Main article: History of Toyota

Toyota started in 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda. Its first vehicles were the A1 passenger car and the G1 in 1935. Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in 1937.

Recent company developments

Financial crisis of 20072010

On May 8, 2009, Toyota reported a record annual net loss of US$4.4 billion, making it the latest automobile maker to be severely affected by the 2007-2010 financial crisis.

20092010 vehicle recalls

Main article: 20092010 Toyota vehicle recalls

In January 2010, Toyota announced recalling up to 1.8 million cars across Europe, including about 220,000 in the UK, following an accelerator problem.

The US Transportation Department has opened an investigation into brake problems in Toyota vehicles. This is after the department received 124 reports from drivers about the issue, including four involving crashes.

The company said its recall could cost the company up to US$2 billion (GB1.25 billion)[clarification needed] in lost output and sales. Toyota later recalled the Prius model after problems were found in the ABS system.

Many Toyota models were involved, covering 2007-2010 model years.

The U.S. Sales Chief, James Lentz, was questioned by the United States Congress committees on Oversight and Investigations on February 23, 2010, as a result of recent recalls.

Company overview

With over 30 million sold, the Corolla is one of the most popular and best selling cars in the world.

The Toyota Motor Company received its first Japanese Quality Control Award at the start of the 1980s and began participating in a wide variety of motorsports. Due to the 1973 oil crisis, consumers in the lucrative U.S. market began turning to small cars with better fuel economy. American car manufacturers had considered small economy cars to be an "entry level" product, and their small vehicles employed a low level of quality in order to keep the price low.

By the early sixties, the US had begun placing stiff import tariffs on certain vehicles. The Chicken tax of 1964 placed a 25% tax on imported commercials vans. In response to the tariff, Toyota, Nissan Motor Co. and Honda Motor Co. began building plants in the U.S. by the early eighties.

In 1982, the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales merged into one company, the Toyota Motor Corporation. Two years later, Toyota entered into a joint venture with GM called NUMMI, the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc, operating an automobile-manufacturing plant in Fremont, California. The factory was an old General Motors plant that had been closed for two years. Toyota then started to establish new brands at the end of the 1980s, with the launch of their luxury division Lexus in 1989.

In the 1990s, Toyota began to branch out from producing mostly compact cars by adding many larger and more luxurious vehicles to its lineup, including a full-sized pickup, the T100 (and later the Tundra); several lines of SUVs; a sport version of the Camry, known as the Camry Solara; and the Scion brand, a group of several affordable, yet sporty, automobiles targeted specifically to young adults. Toyota also began production of the world's best-selling hybrid car, the Prius, in 1997.

With a major presence in Europe, due to the success of Toyota Team Europe, the corporation decided to set up TMME, Toyota Motor Europe Marketing & Engineering, to help market vehicles in the continent. Two years later, Toyota set up a base in the United Kingdom, TMUK, as the company's cars had become very popular among British drivers. Bases in Indiana, Virginia and Tianjin were also set up. In 1999, the company decided to list itself on the New York and London Stock Exchanges.

Toyota Deutschland's headquarters in Cologne

In 2001, Toyota's Toyo Trust and Banking merged to form the UFJ, United Financials of Japan, which was accused of corruption by the Japan's government for making bad loans to alleged Yakuza crime syndicates with executives accused of blocking Financial Service Agency inspections. The UFJ was listed among Fortune Magazine's largest money-losing corporations in the world, with Toyota's chairman serving as a director. At the time, the UFJ was one of the largest shareholders of Toyota. As a result of Japan's banking crisis, the UFJ was merged again to become Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.

In 2002, Toyota managed to enter a Formula One works team and establish joint ventures with French motoring companies Citron and Peugeot a year after Toyota started producing cars in France.

Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes 2000 list of the world's leading companies for the year 2005. The company was number one in global automobile sales for the first quarter of 2008.

On December 7, 2004, a U.S. press release was issued stating that Toyota would be offering Sirius Satellite Radios. However, as late as January 27, 2007, Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite radio kits were not available for Toyota factory radios.[citation needed] While the press release enumerated nine models, only limited availability existed at the dealer level in the U.S. As of 2008, all Toyota and Scion models have either standard or available XM radio kits. Major Lexus dealerships have been offering satellite radio kits for Lexus vehicles since 2005, in addition to factory-equipped satellite radio models.

In 2007, Toyota released an update of its full size truck, the Tundra, produced in two American factories, one in Texas and one in Indiana. "Motor Trend" named the Tundra "Truck of the Year," and the 2007 Toyota Camry "Car of the Year" for 2007. It also began the construction of two new factories, one to build the RAV4 in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada and the other to build the Toyota Prius in Blue Springs, Mississippi, USA. This plant was originally intended to build the Toyota Highlander, but Toyota decided to use the plant in Princeton, Indiana, USA, instead. The company has also found recent success with its smaller modelshe Corolla and Yariss gas prices have risen rapidly in the last few years.

In 2009-2010, the company was heavily in debt and had to request a loan of more than $3 billion from a bank backed by the Japanese government.

Logo and branding

The 1936 Toyota Model AA, with the original Toyoda logo

In 1936, Toyota entered the passenger car market with its Model AA and held a competition to establish a new logo emphasizing speed for its new product line. After receiving 27,000 entries, one was selected that additionally resulted in a change of its monikor to "Toyota" from the family name "Toyoda." It was believed that the new name sounded better and its eight-stroke count in the Japanese language was associated with wealth and good fortune. The original logo no longer is found on its vehicles but remains the corporate emblem used in Japan.

Still, there were no guidelines for the use of the brand name, "TOYOTA", which was used throughout most of the world, which led to inconsistencies in its worldwide marketing campaigns.

MEGAWEB, Toyota's permanent exhibition showroom and museum in Odaiba, Tokyo

To remedy this, Toyota introduced a new worldwide logo in 1989 in conjunction with and to differentiate it from the newly released luxury Lexus brand. There are three ovals in the new logo that combine to for the letter "T", which stands for Toyota. The overlapping of the two perpendicular ovals inside the larger oval represent the mutually beneficial relationship and trust that is placed between the customer and the company while the larger oval that surrounds both of these inner ovals represent the "global expansion of Toyota's technology and unlimited potential for the future."

The logo started appearing on all printed material, advertisements, and dealer signage starting in 1990 and on the cars themselves in 1991.

Toyota Trademarks

The stylized Toyota logo word in stylized form, trademarked at the USPTO, and filed by Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha

1957 is the year the first Toyota vehicles were exported to the United States by the Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. However, it wasn't until Friday, June 9, 1967 that the first trademark application with the USPTO for TOYOTA was filed by Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Gaisha. The trademark application was filed for Automobiles and motor trucks in Class 19, Non-metallic Building Materials. It also indicates the first use of the trademark name was on March 29, 1958. The application also includes a reference that, "Toyota" translates in English to, "Richfield." This is likely a variation of the Toyoda family name translation of "fertile rice paddies." U.S. trademark registration was on January 30, 1968.

The stylized depiction of the letter "T" logo, trademarked at the USPTO, and filed by Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha

Toyota also submitted trademark application at the same time on June 9, 1967 for the first auto models imported to the United States Corona, and Crown. Registration was granted on January 30, 1968 and February 6, 1968 respectively.

Regarding Toyota's current "T" logo, a trademark was filed on Friday, September 15, 1989 with registration to Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha granted on October 12, 1993. The "T" design code is described by the USPTO with multiple descriptions for the geometric designed logo. Code 26032 for, "Plain single line ovals;" 260316 for, "Ovals touching or intersecting;" 260317 for, "Concentric ovals and ovals within ovals;" and 270301 for, "Geometric figures forming letter or numerals, including punctuation." The "T" trademark is filed in the Vehicles and Products for locomotion by land, air or water category for automobiles and structural parts thereof.

Toyota, Corona, Crown, and the "T" logo trademarks are all registered and renewed and owned by Toyota Motor Company, Ltd., Toyota-shi, Aichi-ken, Japan.

Marketing

Toyota's marketing efforts have focused on emphasizing the positive experiences of ownership and vehicle quality. The ownership experience has been targeted in slogans such as "Oh, what a feeling!" (1978-1985, in the U.S.),, "Who could ask for anything more" (1986-1989), "I love what you do for me, Toyota!" (1990-1997), "Everyday" (1997-2000)", "Get the feeling!" (2001-2004), and "Moving Forward" (2004-present).

Toyota philosophy

Main article: The Toyota Way

Toyota's management philosophy has evolved from the company's origins and has been reflected in the terms "Lean Manufacturing" and Just In Time Production, which it was instrumental in developing. Toyota's managerial values and business methods are known collectively as the Toyota Way.

In April 2001 the Toyota Motor Corporation adopted the "Toyota Way 2001," an expression of values and conduct guidelines that all Toyota employees should embrace. Under the two headings of Respect for People and Continuous Improvement, Toyota summarizes its values and conduct guidelines with the following five principles:

Challenge

Kaizen (improvement)

Genchi Genbutsu (go and see)

Respect

Teamwork

According to external observers, the Toyota Way has four components:

Long-term thinking as a basis for management decisions.

A process for problem-solving.

Adding value to the organization by developing its people.

Recognizing that continuously solving root problems drives organizational learning.

The Toyota Way incorporates the Toyota Production System.

Toyota Production System

Main article: Toyota Production System

Toyota has long been recognized as an industry leader in manufacturing and production. Three stories of its origin have been found, one that they studied Piggly-Wiggly's just-in-time distribution system, one that they followed the writings of W. Edwards Deming, and one that they were given the principles from a U.S. Army training program (Training Within Industry). It is possible that all these, and more, are true. Regardless of the origin, the principles described by Toyota in its management philosophy, The Toyota Way, are: Challenge, Kaizen (improvement), Genchi Genbutsu (go and see), Respect, and Teamwork.

As described by external observers of Toyota, the principles of the Toyota Way are:

Base your management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term goals

Create continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface

Use "pull" systems to avoid overproduction

Level out the workload

Build a culture of stopping to fix problems, to get quality right the first time

Standardized tasks are the foundation for continuous improvement and employee empowerment

Use visual control so no problems are hidden

Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves your people and processes

Grow leaders who thoroughly understand the work, live the philosophy, and teach it to others

Develop exceptional people and teams who follow your company philosophy

Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them improve

Go and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the situation (genchi genbutsu)

Make decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly considering all options; implement decisions rapidly

Become a learning organization through relentless reflection and continuous improvement

Operations

Toyota Pavilion at the Expo in Aichi

Toyota has grown to a large multinational corporation from where it started and expanded to different worldwide markets and countries. It displaced GM and became the world's largest automaker for the year 2008. It held the title of the most profitable automaker ($11 billion in 2006) along with increasing sales in, among other countries, the United States. The world headquarters of Toyota are located in its home country in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Its subsidiary, Toyota Financial Services sells financing and participates in other lines of business. Toyota brands include Scion and Lexus and the corporation is part of the Toyota Group. Toyota also owns majority stakes in Daihatsu, and 16.7% of Fuji Heavy Industries, which manufactures Subaru vehicles. They also acquired 5.9% of Isuzu Motors Ltd. on November 7, 2006 and will be introducing Isuzu diesel technology into their products.

Toyota has introduced new technologies including one of the first mass-produced hybrid gas-electric vehicles, of which it says it has sold 1 million globally (2007-06-07), Advanced Parking Guidance System (automatic parking), a four-speed electronically controlled automatic with buttons for power and economy shifting, and an eight-speed automatic transmission. Toyota, and Toyota-produced Lexus and Scion automobiles, consistently rank near the top in certain quality and reliability surveys, primarily J.D. Power and Consumer Reports although they led in automobile recalls for the first time in 2009.

In 2005, Toyota, combined with its half-owned subsidiary Daihatsu Motor Company, produced 8.54 million vehicles, about 500,000 fewer than the number produced by GM that year. Toyota has a large market share in the United States, but a small market share in Europe. Its also sells vehicles in Africa and is a market leader in Australia. Due to its Daihatsu subsidiary it has significant market shares in several fast-growing Southeast Asian countries.

Century Royal is the official state car of the current Emperor of Japan.

According to the 2008 Fortune Global 500, Toyota Motor is the fifth largest company in the world. Since the recession of 2001, it has gained market share in the United States. Toyota's market share struggles in Europe where its Lexus brand has three tenths of one percent market share, compared to nearly two percent market share as the U.S. luxury segment leader.

In the first three months of 2007, Toyota together with its half-owned subsidiary Daihatsu reported number one sales of 2.348 million units. Toyota's brand sales had risen 9.2% largely on demand for Corolla and Camry sedans. The difference in performance was largely attributed to surging demand for fuel-efficient vehicles. In November 2006, Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas added a facility in San Antonio. Toyota has experienced quality problems and was reprimanded by the government in Japan for its recall practices. Toyota currently maintains over 16% of the US market share and is listed second only to GM in terms of volume. Toyota Century Royal is the official state car of the Japanese imperial family, namely for the current Emperor of Japan.

Toyota was hit by the global financial crisis of 2008 as it was forced in December 2008 to forecast its first annual loss in 70 years. In January 2009 it announced the closure of all of its Japanese plants for 11 days to reduce output and stocks of unsold vehicles.

Early in 2009, media sources reported that Akio Toyoda, grandson of the founder, will be promoted in June from vice-president to the position of President, replacing Katsuaki Watanabe. Akio Toyoda became the new president and CEO of the company on June 23, 2009 by replacing Katsuaki Watanabe who became the new vice chairman by replacing Katsuhiro Nakagawa.

Worldwide presence

The Camry is assembled in several facilities around the world including Australia, China ,Taiwan, UAE, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, India, Vietnam and the United States.

Toyota has factories in most parts of the world, manufacturing or assembling vehicles for local markets. Toyota has manufacturing or assembly plants in Japan, Australia, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Indonesia, Poland, South Africa, Turkey, Colombia, the United Kingdom, the United States, UAE, France, Brazil, Portugal, and more recently, Argentina, Czech Republic, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, Pakistan, Egypt, China, Vietnam, Venezuela, the Philippines, and Russia.

In 2002, Toyota initiated the "Innovative International Multi-purpose vehicle" project (IMV) to optimize global manufacturing and supply systems for pickup trucks and multipurpose vehicles, and to satisfy market demand in more than 140 countries worldwide. IMV called for diesel engines to be made in Thailand, gasoline engines in Indonesia and manual transmissions in the Philippines, for supply to the countries charged with vehicle production. For vehicle assembly, Toyota would use plants in Thailand, Indonesia, Argentina, South Africa and Pakistan. These four main IMV production and export bases supply Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania, Latin America and the Middle East with three IMV vehicles: The Toyota Hilux (Vigo), the Fortuner, and the Toyota Innova.

Toyota North America

This section does not cite any references or sources.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)

Main article: Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America

Toyota Motor North America headquarters is located in New York City and operates at a holding company level in North America. Its manufacturing headquarters is located in Hebron, Kentucky, and is known as Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, or TEMA.

A Toyota dealership in Fremont, California.

Toyota Canada Inc. has been in production in Canada since 1983 with an aluminium wheel plant in Delta, British Columbia which currently employs a workforce of roughly 260. Its first vehicle assembly plant, in Cambridge, Ontario since 1988, now produces Corolla compact cars, Matrix crossover vehicles and Lexus RX 350 luxury SUVs, with a workforce of 4,300 workers. Its second assembly operation in Woodstock, Ontario began manufacturing the RAV4 late in 2008. In 2006, Toyota's subsidiary Hino Motors opened a heavy duty truck plant, also in Woodstock, employing 45 people and producing 2000 trucks annually.

Toyota has a large presence in the United States with five major assembly plants in Huntsville, Alabama; Georgetown, Kentucky; Princeton, Indiana; San Antonio, Texas; Buffalo, West Virginia. A new plant slated to be built in Blue Springs, Mississippi has been put on hold owing to the financial crisis that erupted in late 2008. Toyota had a joint-venture operation with General Motors at New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI), in Fremont, California, which began in 1984 and ended in 2009. It still has a joint-venture with Subaru at Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. (SIA), in Lafayette, Indiana, which started in 2006. Production on a new manufacturing plant in Tupelo, Mississippi was scheduled for completion in 2010 but is currently on indefinite hold. North America is a major automobile market for Toyota. In these assembly plants, the Camry and the Tundra are manufactured, among others.

Toyota marketing, sales, and distribution in the U.S. are conducted through a separate subsidiary, Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. Toyota uses a number of slogans in its American TV commercials such as It's time to move forward, Smart way to keep moving forward, or Moving forward. It has started producing larger trucks, such as the new Tundra, to go after the large truck market in the United States. Toyota is also pushing hybrid vehicles in the US such as the Prius, Camry Hybrid, Highlander Hybrid, and various Lexus products.

Toyota has sold more hybrid vehicles in the country than any other manufacturer. Toyota is a public corporation and the company's shares are traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange. Toyota also sponsors Club Deportivo Guadalajara.

Electric technology

Toyota Prius, flagship of Toyota's hybrid technology

Main articles: Hybrid Synergy Drive and Hybrid electric vehicle

Toyota is one of the largest companies to push hybrid vehicles in the market and the first to commercially mass-produce and sell such vehicles, an example being the Toyota Prius. The company eventually began providing this option on the main smaller cars such as Camry and later with the Lexus divisions, producing some hybrid luxury vehicles. It labeled such technology in Toyota cars as "Hybrid Synergy Drive" and in Lexus versions as "Lexus Hybrid Drive."

The Prius has become the top selling hybrid car in America. Toyota, as a brand, now has three hybrid vehicles in its lineup: the Prius, Highlander, and Camry. The popular minivan Toyota Sienna is scheduled to join the hybrid lineup by 2010, and by 2030 Toyota plans to offer its entire lineup of cars, trucks, and SUVs with a Hybrid Synergy Drive option.[citation needed]

Worldwide sales of hybrid vehicles produced by Toyota reached 1.0 million vehicles by May 31, 2007, and the 2.0 million mark was reached by August 31, 2009, with hybrids sold in 50 countries. Toyota's hybrid sales are led by the Prius, with worldwide cumulative sales of 1.43 million by August 2009. Toyota's CEO has committed to eventually making every car of the company a hybrid vehicle.

Lexus LS 600h hybrid sedan.

Lexus also has their own hybrid lineup, consisting of the GS 450h, RX 400h, and launched in 2007, the LS 600h/LS 600h L.

Toyota has said it plans to make a hybrid-electric system available on every vehicle it sells worldwide sometime in the 2010s.

Toyota and Honda have already said they've halved the incremental cost of electric hybrids and see cost parity in the future (even without incentives).

Hybrids are viewed by some automakers as a core segment of the future vehicle market.

Plug-in hybrids

Main article: Plug-in hybrid

Plug-in Prius concept

After General Motors announced it would produce the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid, Toyota announced that it, too, would make one. Toyota is currently testing its "Toyota Plug-in HV" in Japan, the United States, and Europe. Like GM's Volt, it uses a lithium-ion battery pack. The PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle) could have a lower environmental impact than existing hybrids.

On June 5, 2008, A123Systems announced that its Hymotion plug-in hybrid conversion kits for the Prius would be installed by six dealers, including four Toyota dealerships: Westboro Toyota in Boston, Fitzgerald Toyota in Washington D.C., Toyota of Hollywood in Los Angeles, and Madison Wisconsin-based Smart Motors.

All-electric vehicles

Toyota is speeding up the development of vehicles that run only on electricity with the aim of mass-producing them in the early part of the next decade. Road tests for the current prototype, called "e-com", had ended in 2006.

Pickup trucks

2007 Tundra Double Cab

The Tundra is a full-size pickup truck sold by Toyota that originally went into production in 1999 for the 2000 US model year. As of early 2010, the Tundra has captured 16 percent of the full-size half-ton market in the US.[citation needed]

The all new Tundra is assembled in San Antonio, Texas, US, while the Crew Max is assembled in Mooreland, Indiana, US. Toyota Motor Corporation assembled around 150,000 Standard and Double Cabs, and only 70,000 Crew Max's in 2007.

In addition to the Tundra, Toyota also produces the Tacoma, with a smaller body and smaller engine than its bigger brother. The Tacoma is also produced at the company's San Antonio facility.

Outside the United States, Toyota produces the Hilux in Standard and double cab, gasoline and diesel engine, 2WD and 4WD versions. The BBC's Top Gear TV show featured 2 episodes of a Hilux that was virtually indestructible.

Motorsport

Toyota has been involved in many global motorsports series. They also represent their Lexus brand in other sports car racing categories. Toyota also makes engines and other auto parts for other Japanese motorsports including formula Nippon,Super GT, formula 3 and formula Toyota series. Toyota also runs a driver development programme known as TDP (Toyota Young Drivers Program) which they made for funding and educating future Japanese motorsports talent. Toyota Motorsport GmbH, with and headquarters in Cologne, Germany) was previously responsible for Toyota's major motorsports development including Formula One. Toyota Motorsport GmbH also developed cars for World Rally Championship and Le Mans Series. Toyota enjoyed success in all these motorsports categories. In 2002, Toyota entered Formula One as a constructor and engine supplier, however despite having experienced drivers and a larger budget than many other teams, they failed to match their success in other categories, with five second places their best results. On 4 November 2009 Toyota announced they were pulling out of the sport due to the global economic situation.

TRD

Toyota Racing Development was brought about to help develop true high performance racing parts for many Toyota vehicles. TRD has often had much success with their after market tuning parts, as well as designing technology for vehicles used in all forms of racing.TRD is also responsible for Toyota's involvement in NASCAR motorsports.

Non-automotive activities

Aerospace

Toyota is a minority shareholder in Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, having invested US$67.2 million in the new venture which will produce the Mitsubishi Regional Jet, slated for first deliveries in 2013. Toyota has also studied participation in the general aviation market and contracted with Scaled Composites to produce a proof-of-concept aircraft, the TAA-1 in 2002.

Philanthropy

The Toyota Municipal Museum of Art in Aichi, sponsored by the manufacturer

Toyota is supporter of the Toyota Family Literacy Programme along with National Center for Family Literacy, helping low-income community members for education, United Negro College Fund (40 annual scholarships), National Underground Railroad Freedom Center ($1 million) among others. Toyota created the Toyota USA Foundation.

Higher education

Toyota established the Toyota Technological Institute in 1981, as Sakichi Toyoda had planned to establish a university as soon as he and Toyota became successful. Toyota Technological Institute founded the Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago in 2003. Toyota is supporter of the "Toyota Driving Expectations Program," "Toyota Youth for Understanding Summer Exchange Scholarship Program," "Toyota International Teacher Program," "Toyota TAPESTRY," "Toyota Community Scholars" (scholarship for high school students), "United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce Internship Program," and "Toyota Funded Scholarship." It has contributed to a number of local education and scholarship programs for the University of Kentucky, Indiana, and others.

Robotics

Toyota trumpet-playing robot

In 2004, Toyota showcased its trumpet-playing robot. Toyota has been developing multitask robots destined for elderly care, manufacturing, and entertainment. A specific example of Toyota's involvement in robotics for the elderly is the Brain Machine Interface. Designed for use with wheelchairs, it "allows a person to control an electric wheelchair accurately, almost in real-time", with his mind. The thought controls allow the wheelchair to go left, right and forward with a delay between thought and movement of just 125 milliseconds.

Finance

Toyota Financial Services Corporation provides financing to Toyota customers.

Agricultural biotechnology

Toyota invests in several small start-up businesses and partnerships in biotechnology, including:

P.T. Toyota Bio Indonesia in Lampung, Indonesia

Australian Afforestation Pty. Ltd. in Western Australia and Southern Australia

Toyota Floritech Co., Ltd. in Rokkasho-Mura, Kamikita District, Aomori Prefecture

Sichuan Toyota Nitan Development Co., Ltd. in Sichuan, China

Toyota Roof Garden Corporation in Miyoshi-Cho, Aichi Prefecture

Financial information

Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO: 7203. In addition, Toyota is foreign-listed on the New York Stock Exchange under NYSE: TM and on the London Stock Exchange under LSE: TYT. Toyota has been publicly traded in Japan since 1949 and internationally since 1999.

As reported on its consolidated financial statements, Toyota has 540 consolidated subsidiaries and 226 affiliates.

Toyota Motor North America (100% - 2004)

Toyota Canada Inc. owned via Toyota Motor North America

Toyota Tsusho - Trading company for the Toyota Group

Daihatsu Motor Company (51.2% - March 31, 2006)

Lexus 100% (1989)

Scion 100% (2003)

DENSO (24.74% - September 30, 2006)

Toyota Industries (23.51% - March 31, 2006)

Aisin Seiki Co. (23.0% - September 30, 2006)

Fuji Heavy Industries (16.66% - June 28, 2008)

Isuzu Motors (5,9% - November 10, 2006)

PT Toyota Astra Motor (49% - 2003)

PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (95% - 2003)

Government bailouts

Toyota's financial unit has asked for an emergency loan from a state-backed lender on March 16, 2009, with reports putting the figure at more than $3 billion. It says the international financial situation is squeezing its business, forcing it to ask for an emergency loan from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. It is the first time the state-backed bank has been asked to lend to a Japanese car manufacturer.

Production and sales numbers

Typical breakdown of sales by region

Calendar Year

Total

Japan

United States

Production

Sales

Production

Sales

Sales

1935

20

1936

1,142

1937

4,013

1938

4,615

1939

11,981

1940

14,787

1941

14,611

1942

16,302

1943

9,827

1944

12,720

1945

3,275

1946

5,821

1947

3,922

1948

6,703

1949

10,824

1950

11,706

1951

14,228

1952

42,106

1953

16,496

1954

22,713

1955

22,786

1956

46,716

1957

79,527

1958

78,856

1959

101,194

1960

154,770

1961

210,937

1962

230,350

1963

318,495

1964

425,764

1965

477,643

1966

587,539

1967

832,130

1968

1,097,405

1969

1,471,211

1970

1,609,190

1971

1,955,033

1972

2,087,133

1973

2,308,098

1974

2,114,980

1975

2,336,053

1976

2,487,851

1977

2,720,758

1978

2,929,157

1979

2,996,225

1980

3,293,344

1981

3,220,418

1982

3,144,557

1983

3,272,335

1984

3,429,249

1985

3,665,622

1986

3,660,167

1987

3,638,279

1988

3,956,697

2,120,273

1989

3,975,902

2,308,863

1990

4,212,373

2,504,291

1991

4,085,071

2,355,356

1992

3,931,341

2,228,941

1993

3,561,750

2,057,848

1994

3,508,456

2,031,064

1995

3,171,277

2,060,125

1996

3,410,060

2,135,276

1997

3,502,046

2,005,949

1998

1999

2000

1,619,206

2001

1,741,254

2002

1,756,127

2003

1,866,314

2004

2,060,049

2005

2,260,296

2006

2,542,524

2007

8,180,000

8,524,000

5,100,000

2,273,000

2,620,825

2008

8,547,000

8,913,000

5,160,000

2,188,000

2,217,662

2009

1,770,149[citation needed]

Japan production numbers 1937 to 1987.

Outcomes

Until recently, Toyota was the world largest automaker in terms of sales, net worth, revenue, and profits. According to Stephen Spier, Toyota has been an industry leader since the 1960s and had consistently been more productive than its competitors. The company has been widely recognized for the quality of its products and production systems.[citation needed] Recently automaker Volkswagen passed Toyota as world's largest with the purchase of Porsche.[citation needed][clarification needed]

Environmental record

The Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) implemented its Fourth Environmental Action Plan in 2005. The plan contains four major themes involving the environment and the corporation's development, design, production, and sales. The five-year plan is directed at the, "arrival of a revitalized recycling-based society." Toyota had previously released its Eco-Vehicle Assessment System (Eco-VAS) which is a systematic life cycle assessment of the effect a vehicle will have on the environment including production, usage, and disposal. The assessment includes, "... fuel efficiency, emissions and noise during vehicle use, the disposal recovery rate, the reduction of substances of environmental concern, and CO2 emissions throughout the life cycle of the vehicle from production to disposal." 2008 marks the ninth year for Toyota's Environmental Activities Grant Program which has been implemented every year since 2000. Themes of the 2008 program consist of "Global Warming Countermeasures" and "Biodiversity Conservation."

Since October 2006, Toyota's new Japanese-market vehicle models with automatic transmissions are equipped with an Eco Drive Indicator. The system takes into consideration rate of acceleration, engine and transmission efficiency, and speed. When the vehicle is operated in a fuel-efficient manner, the Eco Drive Indicator on the instrument panel lights up. Individual results vary depending on traffic issues, starting and stopping the vehicle, and total distance traveled, but the Eco Drive Indicator may improve fuel efficiency by as much as 4%. Along with Toyota's eco-friendly objectives on production and use, the company plans to donate $1 million and five vehicles to the Everglades National Park. The money will be used to fund environmental programs at the park. This donation is part of a program which provides $5 million and 23 vehicles for five national parks and the National Parks Foundation. However new figures from the United States National Research Council show that the continuing hidden health costs of the auto industry to the US economy in 2005 amounted to 56 million US dollars.

The United States EPA has awarded Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc (TEMA) with a ENERGY STAR Sustained Excellence Award in 2007, 2008 and 2009

In 2007, Toyota's Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) fleet average of 26.69 mpg-US (8.813 L/100 km; 32.05 mpg-imp) exceeded all other major manufactures selling cars within the United States. Only Lotus Cars which sold the Elise and Exige powered by Toyota's 2ZZ-GE engine did better with an average of 30.2 mpg-US (7.79 L/100 km; 36.3 mpg-imp). In recent years, there has been some competition between Toyota, General Motors and Volkswagen for the unofficial title of 'worlds largest automaker' by sales volume.

See also

Companies portal

Japanese Car portal

Cars portal

Hiroshi Okuda

Leading firms by activity

The Toyota Group

List of Toyota vehicles

List of Toyota engines

List of Toyota manufacturing facilities

List of Toyota transmissions

Toyota Production System

Toyota Center, a sports arena in Houston, Texas where the company owns naming rights

Australian Motor Industries

Toyota Australia

Toyota Verblitz - the company's rugby team

Nagoya Grampus formerly the company's football (soccer) club and still sponsored by them

G-BOOK a telematic service offered in Japan

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^ "Manufacturing & Engineering : EPA Recognizes Toyota with 2007 Energy Star Sustained Excellence Award / Toyota". Pressroom.toyota.com. http://pressroom.toyota.com/pr/tms/manufacturing/TYT2007032011455.aspx?ncid=12042. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 

^ "Manufacturing & Engineering : EPA Recognizes Toyota with 2008 Energy Star Sustained Excellence Award / Toyota". Pressroom.toyota.com. http://pressroom.toyota.com/pr/tms/manufacturing/TYT2008041488186.aspx?ncid=12042. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 

^ "NUMMI Truck Plant : ENERGY STAR". Energystar.gov. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=labeled_buildings.showplantProfile&plantprofile_id=50. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 

^ Abuelsamid, Sam (2008-07-25). "Toyota tops big company CAFE ratings for 2007 model year with 29.69 mpg Autoblog". Autoblog.com. http://www.autoblog.com/2008/07/25/toyota-tops-big-company-cafe-ratings-for-2007-model-year-with-29/. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 

2005 Toyota Highlander Hybrid. Retrieved January 11, 2004 from CanadianDriver Communications, Inc. (2004)

Toyota up close Sales figures of Toyota.

Toyota becomes 3rd ranked US automaker behind GM and Ford Bloomberg Report.

Consumer Reports reverses practice of automatically recommending all new Toyota cars and trucks, Oct 16, 2007 ("Consumer Reports will no longer recommend any new or redesigned Toyota-built models without reliability data on a specific design," the publication said in a statement. "Previously, new and redesigned models were recommended because of the automaker's excellent track record.")

Toyota Struggles to Meet Hybrid, Small Car Demand

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Toyota

Wikinews has related news: Category:Toyota

Toyota Motor official global site, in English

Toyota Motor official global site, in Japanese

Toyota Automobile Museum in Aichi, Japan

Toyota Motorsport GmbH official site, in English

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 previous Toyota road car timeline, North American market, 1980sresent

Type

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

Model year

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

Subcompact

Tercel

Tercel

Tercel

Tercel

Tercel

Echo

Yaris

Starlet

Corolla FX

Paseo

Paseo

Corolla

Corolla

Corolla

Compact

Corolla

Corolla

Corolla

Corolla

Matrix

Matrix

Corona

Camry

Camry

Prius

Mid-size

Prius

Prius

Camry

Camry

Camry

Camry

Camry Solara

Camry Solara

Venza

Full-size

Cressida

Cressida

Cressida

Cressida

Avalon

Avalon

Avalon

Sport compact

Corolla GT-S

Celica

Celica

Celica

Celica

Celica

Celica

Sports

Celica Supra

Celica Supra

Supra

Supra

MR2

MR2

MR2 Spyder

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Toyota light truck timeline, North American market, 1980sresent (model years)

Type

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

Compact Crossover

RAV4

RAV4

RAV4

Compact SUV

4Runner

4Runner

FJ Cruiser

Mid-size Crossover

Highlander

Highlander

Mid-size SUV

4Runner

4Runner

4Runner

Full-size SUV

Land Cruiser

Land Cruiser

Land Cruiser

Land Cruiser

Sequoia

Sequoia

Minivan

Toyota Van

Previa

Sienna

Sienna

Pickup

Toyota Pickup

Toyota Pickup

Toyota Pickup

Tacoma

Tacoma

T100

Tundra

Tundra

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 previous Toyota road cars timeline, 1985resent

Type

1980s

1990s

2000s

Model year

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Subcompact

Starlet KP70

Starlet KP80

Vitz P10

Vitz P90

Starlet KP90

Tercel, Corolla II, Corsa L20

Tercel, Corolla II, Corsa L30

Tercel, Corolla II, Corsa L40

Tercel, Corolla II, Corsa L50

Platz

Belta

Funcargo

Ractis

bB

bB

bB

ist NPC6

ist NCP11

Compact

Corolla, Sprinter E80

Corolla, Sprinter E90

Corolla, Sprinter E100

Corolla, Sprinter E110

Corolla, Sprinter E120/130

Corolla, Sprinter E140/150

Corona T150

Corona T170

Corona T190

Corona T210

Corona Premio

Premio

Corona EXIV

Corona EXIV

Cynos

Cynos

Camry V10

Camry V20

Camry V30

Camry V40

Avensis

Avensis

Vista V10

Vista V20

Vista V30

Vista V40

Vista V50

Compact luxury

Altezza

Progress

Brevis

Compact Wagon/VAN

Altezza Ghita

Voltz

Carina Surf

Caldina T190

Caldina T210

Caldina T240

Mid-size car

Camry XV20

Camry XV30

Camry XV40

Scepter

Windom VCV10

Windom MCV20

Windom MCV30

Aristo JZS147

Aristo JZS160

Mark II, Cressida, Chaser, Cresta X70

Mark II, Cressida, Chaser, Cresta X80

Mark II, Chaser, Cresta X90

Mark II, Chaser, Cresta X100

Mark II, Verossa X110

Mark X, Mark II Blit X120

Mark X X130

Mid-size wagon

Mark II Qualis

Camry Gracia

Full-size

Crown S120

Crown S130

Crown S130/S140

Crown S150

Crown S170

Crown S180

Crown S200

Celsior UCF10

Celsior UCF20

Celsior UCF30

Hybrid

Prius NHW10

Prius NHW11

Prius NHW20

Flagship car

Century VG40

Century GZG5x

Sport compact

Celica A60

Celica T160

Celica T180

Celica T200

Celica T230

Carina A60

Cavalier

Carina T150

Carina T170

Carina T190

Carina T210

Allion T240

Allion T260

Carina ED T160

Carina ED T180

Carina ED T200

Sports

Soarer Z1

Soarer Z2

Soarer Z30

Soarer Z40

Celica XX MA61/3/ GA61

Supra MA70/GA70/JZA70

Supra JZA

Roadster

MR2 AW10/11

MR2 SW20

MR-S ZZW30

Limited edition

Toyota Sera

Toyota Classic

Toyota Origin

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Lexus a division of Toyota Motor Corp. road vehicle timeline

Type

1990s

2000s

2010s

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

Entry-level luxury

IS

IS

HS

Mid-size luxury

ES

ES

ES

ES

ES

GS

GS

GS

Full-size luxury

LS

LS

LS

LS

Crossover

RX

RX

RX

SUV

GX

GX

LX

LX

LX

Coupe

IS C

SC

SC

Sport

IS F

LFA

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Scion a marque of Toyota Motor Corp. road vehicle timeline

Type

2000s

2010s

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

Subcompact

xA

xD

xB

Compact

xB

Coupe

tC

Concept cars: bbX  ccX  t2B  Fuse  Hako Coupe  iQ

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Toyota Motor Corporation

Marques

Toyota  Lexus  Scion  Daihatsu  Hino  Subaru (FHI shareholder)  Isuzu (shareholder)  Yamaha (Yamaha shareholder)

Current vehicles

4Runner  Allion  Alphard  Auris  Aurion  Avalon  Avanza  Avensis  Aygo  bB  Belta/Vios  Blade  Camry  Camry Hybrid  Century  Coaster  Corolla  Corolla Axio  Corolla Fielder  Corolla Rumion  Corolla Verso  Crown Athlete  Crown Comfort  Crown Hybrid  Crown Majesta  Crown Royal  Dyna  Estima/Previa  Estima Hybrid  FJ Cruiser  Fortuner   Harrier  Harrier Hybrid  Hiace  Highlander  Highlander Hybrid  Hilux  Hilux Surf/4Runner  Hilux VIGO  Innova  iQ  Isis  ist  Kijang  Kluger  Kluger Hybrid  Land Cruiser  Land Cruiser Prado  Liteace  Mark X/Reiz  Mark X ZiO  Matrix  Noah  Passo  Passo Sette  Porte  Premio  Prius  Probox  Quick Delivery  Ractis  Raum  RAV4  Regius Ace  Rush  Semibon  Sequoia  Sienna  Sienta  Soluna Vios  Succeed  Tacoma  TownAce  ToyoAce   Tundra  Urban Cruiser  Vanguard  Vellfire  Venza  Verso  Vitz/Yaris  Voxy   WISH

Past vehicles

2000GT  AA  Allex  Altezza  Aristo  Brevis  Caldina  Cami  Camry Solara  Carina  Carina ED   Celica  Celica GT-Four  Celsior  Chaser  Classic  Corona  Corona EXiV   Corolla Ceres  Corolla Spacio  Corsa  Cressida  Cresta  Curren  Cynos  FA/DA  DA115  Duet   Echo  FJ40  Fun Cargo   Gaia   Granvia  Grand Hiace  Ipsum  Lexcen  Mark II  Mark II Blit  Mark II Qualis  Mega Cruiser  MR2  MR-S  Opa   Origin  Paseo  Picnic  Platz  Progrs  Pronard  Publica  Regius   Revo  Scepter  Sports 800  SA  Sera  Soarer  Sprinter   Sprinter Marino  Starlet  Stout  Supra  T100  Tamaraw  Tercel  Tiara  Van  Verossa  Vista  Voltz  WiLL  Windom

Concept vehicles

1957 Sports  Sports X   4500GT  A-BAT  Alessandro Volta  Avalon  AXV-IV  CAL-1  Camry TS-01  Celica Cruising Deck  Corona Sports Coupe  CS&S  eCom  EX-1  EX-11  EX-3  EX-7  F101  F1/Ultimate Celica  F3R  Fine-N  Fine-S  Fine-X  FT-86  FT-HS  FT-SX  FTX  FX-1  FXV  FXV-II  FXS  GTV   Hybrid X  i-swing  i-unit  Marinetta  Marinetta 10  Motor Triathlon Race Car  MP-1   NLSV  PM  Pod  Project Go   Publica Sports  RSC  RV-1  RV-2  Sport  Sportivo Coupe  Station Wagon  Street Affair   SV-1  SV-3  TAC3  VM180 Zagato  X   XYR

Engines  Transmissions  Manufacturing Facilities  Hybrid Synergy Drive  Toyota Racing Development  Motorsports

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Toyota Racing

Personnel: Tadashi Yamashina | John Howett | Pascal Vasselon | Ove Andersson | Tsutomu Tomita

Notable drivers: Timo Glock | Olivier Panis | Kamui Kobayashi | Ralf Schumacher | Jarno Trulli

Formula One cars: TF101 | TF102 | TF103 | TF104 | TF104B | TF105 | TF105B | TF106 | TF106B | TF107 | TF108 | TF109

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Toyota sportscar racers (1968 - 1999)

Group 7 (1968 - 1970)

7

Group C (1983 - 1994)

83C  84C  85C  86C  87C  88C  89C-V  92C-V  TS010

IMSA GTP (1988 - 1993)

Mk I  HF89  Mk III

Le Mans (1998 - 1999)

GT-One (TS020)

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Automobile industry in Japan

Marques

ASL  Daihatsu  Dome (Jiotto  Hayashi)  Honda (Acura)  Isuzu  Kojima  Mitsuoka  Mazda (Amati  Autozam  Eunos  Efini  Xedos)  Mitsubishi Motors  Nissan (Datsun  Infiniti  Prince)  UD Nissan Diesel  Otomo  Subaru  Suzuki (Hope)   Tommy Kaira  Toyota (Hino Motors  Lexus  Scion  Sigma  TOM'S)  Yamaha

Association

Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

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Nikkei 225 companies of Japan

7&i  Advantest  ON  AGC  Ajinomoto  ALPS  ANA  Asahi Breweries  Asahi Kasei  Astellas  Bank of Yokohama  Bridgestone  Canon  Casio  Chiba Bank  Chiyoda  Chuden  Chugai  Chuo Mitsui Trust  Citizen  Clarion  Comsys  Credit Saison  CSK  Daiichi Sankyo  Daikin  Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma  Daiwa House  Daiwa Securities  Denka  Denso  Dentsu  DNP  Dowa  Ebara  Eisai  Fanuc  Fast Retailing  Fuji Electric  Fuji Heavy Industries  Fujifilm  Fujikura  Fujitsu  Fukuoka Financial  Furukawa  Furukawa Electric  GS Yuasa  Heiwa Real Estate  Hino  Hitachi  Hitachi Construction Machinery  Hitz  Hokuetsu Paper  Honda  IHI  INPEX  Isetan-Mitsukoshi  Isuzu  Itochu  JAL  JFE  J. Front Retailing  JGC  JR East  JR West  JSW  JT  JTEKT  Kajima  Kao  Kawasaki  KDDI  Keio  Keisei  Kikkoman  Kirin  K Line  Kobelco  Komatsu  Konami  Konica Minolta  Kubota  Kuraray  Kyocera  Kyowa Hakko Kirin  Marubeni  Marui  Matsui Securities  Mazda  Meidensha  Meiji Dairies  Meiji Seika  MES  Minebea  Mitsubishi Chemical  Mitsubishi Corporation  Mitsubishi Electric  Mitsubishi Estate  Mitsubishi Heavy Industries  Mitsubishi Logistics  Mitsubishi Materials  Mitsubishi Motors  Mitsubishi Paper  Mitsubishi Rayon  Mitsui & Co.  Mitsui Chemicals  Mitsui Fudosan  Mitsui Kinzoku  Mitsumi  Mizuho  Mizuho Trust  MOL  MSIG  MUFG  NEC  NGK  Nichirei  Nikon  Nippon Express  Nippon Kayaku  Nippon Light Metal  Nippon Ham  Nippon Mining  Nippon Oil  Nippon Paper  Nippon Soda  Nippon Steel  Nippon Suisan  Nissan  Nissan Chemical  Nisshin Seifun  Nisshinbo  Nittobo  Nomura  NSG  NSK  NTN  NTT  NT...